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the everything else show my guest

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tonight is randall carlson he's a master

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builder and architectural designer

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he's all kinds of things he's a teacher

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a geometrician a geotherm uh

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geomethologist geological explorer and a

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renegade scholar

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he's had four decades of study research

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and exploration into the interface

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between

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ancient mysteries and modern science

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he's been an active freemason for 30

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years and a past master of one of the

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oldest and largest masonic lodges in

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georgia

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and he's been recognized by the national

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science teachers association

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for his commitment to science

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education for young people how are you

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randall

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you're doing very well martin

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boy we just barely got this show on

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trying to get this technical stuff

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together i'm so glad you glad we got it

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together though

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well thank cameron for that

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yeah yeah right right um so before we

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get started uh there's so much i would

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like to ask you about we talked last

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year at some point

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um but

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one of the things i i just wanted to

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find out as far as this aspect of the

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many many things that you do

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uh how did you get started you know what

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what started down the road um to looking

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into all these really spectacular and

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well i if i was going to go back to the

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very first influences that i'd have to

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say was growing up as a kid in rural

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minnesota in the land that was created

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and sculpted completely by the ice age

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and only land on a

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one of the minnesota's 15 000 lakes

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that was actually a melt water puddle

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that was left over after the recession

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of the great ice sheets

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so it was just

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growing up i think in that kind of a

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landscape and having a lot of um

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interest in natural things in science

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and all just from a you know from being

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a very early age

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and uh

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you know just one of those things that

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kind of accumulates over the years and

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you never think you know as a kid that

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you're gonna really become obsessed with

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some of this stuff as an adult but

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that's what happened um

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you know of course i

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was out there in the in the 50s and the

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60s so i saw the landscape kind of in

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one of its last phases before it

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underwent a major transformation with

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modern development you know so the

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places that i grew up these wild natural

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places they don't exist anymore um

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except you know in a few old photographs

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and in people's imaginations but you

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know the lake is still there but the

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lake that we lived on at the time was um

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there was us our little house with our

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land board in the lake and was a farm

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about a mile up on one side and then on

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the other side of the lake and that was

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it

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lived on a two-lane gravel road

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all of our neighbors for the most part

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were farmers um

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now it's suburbia

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the little two-lane gravel road is a you

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know a four-lane paved

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road in the the our house which was the

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first non-farm house there's pretty much

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lost

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in the wilderness of suburbia

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and i'm tempted sometimes just go knock

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on that on their door say hey let me

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tell you what this used to be like here

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um

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but

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so that's i think that's really where it

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started but then getting sucked into the

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whole

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counterculture movement of the late 60s

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you know and becoming interested in

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in things of the mind and things of

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consciousness and kind of coming around

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full circle i would say about the late

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70s or early 80s

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and

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you know i

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a lot of my interest in in mythology and

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archaic traditions and spiritual

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traditions and stuff led me kind of back

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to

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realizing how important the landscape

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was to our ancestors and how they

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encoded and embodied stories in the

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landscapes just as they did in the sky

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in the stellar patterns you know the all

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cultures utilize the elements of the sky

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and the elements of the landscape to

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encode their their um ancestral stories

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and their traditions and this is how

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they're handed down by tales of how this

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particular rock came to exist or you

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know what happened when the coyote got

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transferred to the sky or you know these

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stories i found very very interesting so

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at some point i think probably about the

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mid 80s i'm going to really realize that

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um

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you know these stories weren't just

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things that had been conjured up by our

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pre-scientific illiterate barbaric

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ancestors but were actually

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vehicles for teaching and the

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transmission of knowledge and actual

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real historical experiences of people

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that once lived

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that realization was very very important

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to me and so at that point this is what

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kind of led into i think you

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use the term geomethology i think it

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almost came out as geothermology but

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it's geomythology which is

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actually

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becoming a more legitimate um

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scientific discipline which is

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essentially looking at traditions that

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have been handed down in the form of

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myths and tales and folklore and so on

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and extracting out from that the

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underlying historical verity of these

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particular traditions the the actual

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events

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that are being memorialized in these

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stories even though the stories may have

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taken on a a idiosyncratic or a moral or

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a spiritual connotation nonetheless when

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you read these stories about you know

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great floods and fires and these events

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they are actually conveying real

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scientifically verifiable information

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and this is essentially what

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geomythology is it's it's looking at

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these myths and stories from around the

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world and realizing that

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yeah we can actually reconstruct we can

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find important clues here that can

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complement the kinds of clues we're

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getting from other scientific branches

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today whether those you know whether

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we're looking at geology or astronomy or

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archaeology or paleontology or or

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sedimentology whatever the case may be

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that the the knowledge has been handed

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down to us this this corpus of these

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traditions can actually powerfully

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complement

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the work of of modern scientific inquiry

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so

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tell you it's difficult to pinpoint

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where was i mean there were certain

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points where i certainly had an epiphany

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where

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i i can pinpoint one i've told this

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story before in 1969 summer of 1969 i

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went to a rock concert that was on the

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uh bluffs of the minnesota river valley

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um

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outside of minneapolis minnesota

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and at that particular point the bluffs

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are about 250 feet high overlooking a

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valley that's five miles wide and

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there's there's matching set of bluffs

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on the opposite side and so i was out

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there on a beautiful early summer day in

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1969 and i decided to take a break from

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the crowd and the music so i wandered

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you know

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maybe a half a mile away over to the

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bluff overlook and i was standing there

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looking down onto the um onto the valley

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spread below me and i saw the minnesota

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river the modern minnesota river flowing

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there in a channel and as i looked back

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and forth this was my first

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intimation of this concept that's become

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extremely important to

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many of the things that i've attempted

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to understand over the years which is

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scale and variance or

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another term that would be used to be

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fractal self-similarity in the sense

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that what i saw was that this smaller

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river below in its channel mimicked this

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gigantic channel whose edge i was

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standing up up on these 250 foot high

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bluffs of course at the time i knew

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really nothing about geology

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and it was just really

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an intimation that i had about about

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that dumb circumstance and it was only

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later probably

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a decade and a half later or maybe even

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two decades later

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in doing research in fact i got

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challenged i was giving a lecture uh in

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the 80s and i was talking in the context

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of i was talking about architecture and

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i was talking about scale and variance

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in ancient architecture and the idea in

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scale of variant use in ancient

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architecture is that

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that the part of the whole design

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the component the the piece has to in

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some way mirror or reflect the geometry

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of the whole

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and so what you have is you have a

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pattern or a proportional relationship

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that's constant throughout the structure

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regardless of the scale

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and this applies of course to geometry

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uh geology as well and this is why in

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fact your your backdrop is is a good

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example of that because

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you'll notice that if you're sitting

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here without anything for scale you look

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at that picture that is your your

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background there

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and um

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you don't really know well what are we

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looking at but if there's a building or

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there or then you look down below and

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you can see oh there's boats down on the

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water or you look on the other side you

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see a building or then i've superimposed

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modern niagara falls there in order to

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give this sense of scale but if you look

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in any geology textbook you will see

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photographs say of an outcrop and there

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will always be something in there for

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scale because you may be looking at a

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picture and you go am i looking at

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something here that's a foot high or 100

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feet high you don't know without having

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something in there for scale so

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this idea of scale and variance applies

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not only to

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the realm of of design and architecture

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because this was one of the key

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principles of the of the designers of

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these old sacred structures was this

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relationship between the part and the

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whole to create

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it was believed that that was the basis

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of harmony itself was this this

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this proportional relationship between

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the part and the whole so anyways i was

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using that i was talking about that that

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was the the subject of the of the

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lecture and then i segued off into

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disgusting

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uh scale and variance or fractal

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similarity in the geological realm and i

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cited this case of the

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minnesota river valley and how the small

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river channel

282
00:10:23,990 --> 00:10:22,000
mirrored or mimicked this is this big

283
00:10:26,630 --> 00:10:24,000
channel that you can actually see quite

284
00:10:28,790 --> 00:10:26,640
clearly with google earth now um in fact

285
00:10:30,389 --> 00:10:28,800
it may be one of the may possibly be i

286
00:10:32,710 --> 00:10:30,399
might have even sent you a digital

287
00:10:33,750 --> 00:10:32,720
relief map of that particular

288
00:10:35,670 --> 00:10:33,760
uh

289
00:10:37,910 --> 00:10:35,680
area where i was looking now

290
00:10:39,990 --> 00:10:37,920
so anyways this guy who had a degree in

291
00:10:42,949 --> 00:10:40,000
geology was in the audience and he

292
00:10:44,230 --> 00:10:42,959
challenged me said no no no no no

293
00:10:46,230 --> 00:10:44,240
because what you're saying though is

294
00:10:48,790 --> 00:10:46,240
that there was a giant river there that

295
00:10:52,350 --> 00:10:48,800
would have cut this this very large five

296
00:10:55,190 --> 00:10:52,360
mile wide 250 foot deep channel

297
00:10:57,590 --> 00:10:55,200
catastrophically and he says in geology

298
00:10:59,590 --> 00:10:57,600
we know that everything happens one

299
00:11:01,430 --> 00:10:59,600
grain of one grain of sand and one drop

300
00:11:02,710 --> 00:11:01,440
of water at a time and so it what you

301
00:11:04,389 --> 00:11:02,720
were you're talking about it took

302
00:11:05,269 --> 00:11:04,399
millions of years

303
00:11:07,829 --> 00:11:05,279
and

304
00:11:09,590 --> 00:11:07,839
i said well i'm pretty sure

305
00:11:11,750 --> 00:11:09,600
that it wasn't millions of years i'm

306
00:11:13,910 --> 00:11:11,760
pretty sure that what we're seeing there

307
00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:13,920
was not something that was slow erosion

308
00:11:17,430 --> 00:11:15,760
because even then i knew wait a second

309
00:11:18,710 --> 00:11:17,440
you know we know that there were ice

310
00:11:21,110 --> 00:11:18,720
sheets there

311
00:11:22,630 --> 00:11:21,120
fifteen thousand your massive ice sheets

312
00:11:24,069 --> 00:11:22,640
and we know that five thousand years

313
00:11:25,910 --> 00:11:24,079
later they're gone

314
00:11:28,630 --> 00:11:25,920
so there had to have been enormous

315
00:11:31,990 --> 00:11:28,640
amounts of melt water but i had to get

316
00:11:33,590 --> 00:11:32,000
it at that point really um delved into

317
00:11:36,150 --> 00:11:33,600
the specifics of it enough that i was

318
00:11:37,990 --> 00:11:36,160
able to quote any facts and figures but

319
00:11:38,870 --> 00:11:38,000
him challenging me

320
00:11:40,470 --> 00:11:38,880
really

321
00:11:41,750 --> 00:11:40,480
kind of got my goat a little bit and i

322
00:11:43,190 --> 00:11:41,760
said okay

323
00:11:45,110 --> 00:11:43,200
i'm going to really get down to the

324
00:11:49,269 --> 00:11:45,120
details of this and and be able to

325
00:11:50,630 --> 00:11:49,279
actually argue my point here so i

326
00:11:52,069 --> 00:11:50,640
enrolled in i ended up actually

327
00:11:54,790 --> 00:11:52,079
enrolling in college and majoring in

328
00:11:56,550 --> 00:11:54,800
geology and did quite well in it i never

329
00:11:58,870 --> 00:11:56,560
went through and got the degree

330
00:12:01,269 --> 00:11:58,880
because i realized well what are my my

331
00:12:03,670 --> 00:12:01,279
career options when i with my degree in

332
00:12:05,190 --> 00:12:03,680
in geology would be basically work for

333
00:12:07,110 --> 00:12:05,200
the government or work for industry or

334
00:12:09,350 --> 00:12:07,120
some corporation and i was that's not

335
00:12:11,509 --> 00:12:09,360
where my interest in geology was at my

336
00:12:13,910 --> 00:12:11,519
job interest in geology was in learning

337
00:12:17,269 --> 00:12:13,920
how to decipher the landscape of this

338
00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:17,279
planet so in any case what i learned

339
00:12:21,670 --> 00:12:20,000
subsequently is that oh yeah guess what

340
00:12:24,470 --> 00:12:21,680
mainstream geologists who have studied

341
00:12:25,910 --> 00:12:24,480
that agreed that yeah there was a giant

342
00:12:27,750 --> 00:12:25,920
flow of water through there and they

343
00:12:30,470 --> 00:12:27,760
called it river warren and the peak

344
00:12:31,990 --> 00:12:30,480
discharge or peak capacity of glacial

345
00:12:35,350 --> 00:12:32,000
river warren

346
00:12:37,110 --> 00:12:35,360
was uh about 4 000 times greater than

347
00:12:39,350 --> 00:12:37,120
the modern minnesota river that flows in

348
00:12:41,590 --> 00:12:39,360
that valley and i know we have at least

349
00:12:43,829 --> 00:12:41,600
one picture showing scale and variance

350
00:12:45,509 --> 00:12:43,839
between a modern river i think the

351
00:12:47,030 --> 00:12:45,519
picture i've sent you is of the snake

352
00:12:53,910 --> 00:12:47,040
river

353
00:12:55,750 --> 00:12:53,920
i'll see if i can get that up there

354
00:12:56,629 --> 00:12:55,760
yeah if you can do that that'd be cool

355
00:12:58,550 --> 00:12:56,639
we

356
00:13:00,470 --> 00:12:58,560
because that's exactly what i'm talking

357
00:13:02,389 --> 00:13:00,480
about here and it's i took this picture

358
00:13:04,389 --> 00:13:02,399
from the air so it's about i think about

359
00:13:07,509 --> 00:13:04,399
3000 feet up

360
00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:09,990
in fact um

361
00:13:15,750 --> 00:13:11,760
i could tell you which if you have the

362
00:13:19,350 --> 00:13:17,110
yeah you can tell me which image it is

363
00:13:23,509 --> 00:13:19,360
and i'll and i'll pull it up okay let me

364
00:13:29,670 --> 00:13:23,519
just go there for a second um yep

365
00:13:32,710 --> 00:13:31,110
all right um

366
00:13:34,389 --> 00:13:32,720
all right so you can keep going

367
00:13:35,310 --> 00:13:34,399
say one more time

368
00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:35,320
eight

369
00:13:40,790 --> 00:13:37,120
taba

370
00:13:42,710 --> 00:13:40,800
snake river and bonneville flood channel

371
00:13:44,310 --> 00:13:42,720
okay so you can keep going because i i

372
00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:44,320
don't remember seeing any numbered like

373
00:13:46,829 --> 00:13:45,760
that but uh

374
00:13:48,629 --> 00:13:46,839
well go

375
00:13:50,629 --> 00:13:48,639
down basically it'll be after seven

376
00:13:53,590 --> 00:13:50,639
there's a series of eights

377
00:13:55,190 --> 00:13:53,600
eight something eight something you'll

378
00:13:57,509 --> 00:13:55,200
it's an area okay

379
00:13:59,030 --> 00:13:57,519
river canyon yeah i'm sorry i i don't i

380
00:14:02,230 --> 00:13:59,040
didn't get that one so

381
00:14:04,790 --> 00:14:02,240
um but that's okay

382
00:14:06,949 --> 00:14:04,800
we'll just keep continuing on here

383
00:14:08,790 --> 00:14:06,959
you know one of the things that

384
00:14:10,389 --> 00:14:08,800
i think about when it comes to all this

385
00:14:14,069 --> 00:14:10,399
stuff and just wanted to get your

386
00:14:15,509 --> 00:14:14,079
opinion of it and that is

387
00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:15,519
the earth is so

388
00:14:18,629 --> 00:14:17,600
old and it's so hard to understand

389
00:14:20,629 --> 00:14:18,639
numbers

390
00:14:22,870 --> 00:14:20,639
um i i know this particular case you're

391
00:14:24,949 --> 00:14:22,880
talking about though because i saw a

392
00:14:26,470 --> 00:14:24,959
documentary on it they were trying to uh

393
00:14:29,189 --> 00:14:26,480
geologists were trying to figure this

394
00:14:31,509 --> 00:14:29,199
out there was like a massive uh ice dam

395
00:14:32,629 --> 00:14:31,519
that broke and just flooded right

396
00:14:34,470 --> 00:14:32,639
through

397
00:14:36,470 --> 00:14:34,480
uh but it's amazing you actually figured

398
00:14:38,949 --> 00:14:36,480
that out before um

399
00:14:41,509 --> 00:14:38,959
before that you know became figured out

400
00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:41,519
by uh you know mainstream mainstream

401
00:14:44,470 --> 00:14:42,880
science

402
00:14:46,550 --> 00:14:44,480
uh or you you had a clue that was

403
00:14:48,949 --> 00:14:46,560
happening anyway well i don't mainstream

404
00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:48,959
science hasn't gone there yet

405
00:14:52,710 --> 00:14:51,040
but is that right oh that's right you're

406
00:14:54,470 --> 00:14:52,720
thinking of something else then they've

407
00:14:56,230 --> 00:14:54,480
got a textbook explanation which you

408
00:14:58,150 --> 00:14:56,240
know for the well the feature that

409
00:15:01,030 --> 00:14:58,160
you're super about that dry falls

410
00:15:02,470 --> 00:15:01,040
cataract that was a peak discharge

411
00:15:05,509 --> 00:15:02,480
flowing through that scene here of about

412
00:15:08,150 --> 00:15:05,519
350 million cubic feet per second which

413
00:15:10,310 --> 00:15:08,160
is about 10 times the flow of every

414
00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:10,320
single stream creek and river on earth

415
00:15:13,509 --> 00:15:12,480
flowing all together

416
00:15:16,310 --> 00:15:13,519
that was just

417
00:15:18,069 --> 00:15:16,320
one one flood stream uh of these

418
00:15:20,389 --> 00:15:18,079
gigantic floods at the end of the last

419
00:15:22,790 --> 00:15:20,399
ice age well no i uh

420
00:15:24,470 --> 00:15:22,800
i started having questions about the see

421
00:15:27,189 --> 00:15:24,480
i passed over i traveled over this

422
00:15:28,550 --> 00:15:27,199
landscape in 1970 of course didn't have

423
00:15:30,470 --> 00:15:28,560
any i was a year out of high school i

424
00:15:31,269 --> 00:15:30,480
had no clue what i was seeing other than

425
00:15:33,350 --> 00:15:31,279
that

426
00:15:35,750 --> 00:15:33,360
these landscapes are very impressive and

427
00:15:37,430 --> 00:15:35,760
there's something happened here what how

428
00:15:39,269 --> 00:15:37,440
do you explain this i didn't see this

429
00:15:41,189 --> 00:15:39,279
particular feature but i saw the

430
00:15:42,790 --> 00:15:41,199
northern end of this the channel scab

431
00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:42,800
lands um

432
00:15:46,389 --> 00:15:45,040
we did we drove down the uh columbia

433
00:15:47,829 --> 00:15:46,399
gorge i don't know if you've ever been

434
00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:47,839
through the columbia gorge lots of

435
00:15:51,110 --> 00:15:49,680
people have and anybody who's driven

436
00:15:53,990 --> 00:15:51,120
through the columbia gorge is going to

437
00:15:57,670 --> 00:15:54,000
testify that it's an extraordinary uh

438
00:15:59,749 --> 00:15:57,680
geological phenomena in there and um

439
00:16:00,550 --> 00:15:59,759
i got really impressed by that landscape

440
00:16:05,030 --> 00:16:00,560
and

441
00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:05,040
these these large debris fans splayed

442
00:16:10,069 --> 00:16:08,000
out from the tributary uh river valleys

443
00:16:11,509 --> 00:16:10,079
and you see these huge undercut

444
00:16:14,069 --> 00:16:11,519
waterfalls

445
00:16:16,150 --> 00:16:14,079
you know um it's like what in the world

446
00:16:17,910 --> 00:16:16,160
is how do you explain this you know that

447
00:16:20,550 --> 00:16:17,920
was you know it was pretty much it was

448
00:16:22,790 --> 00:16:20,560
being out in the world and seeing these

449
00:16:23,990 --> 00:16:22,800
seeing these things you know an early

450
00:16:26,550 --> 00:16:24,000
age that

451
00:16:29,110 --> 00:16:26,560
pretty much got me turned onto like hey

452
00:16:30,870 --> 00:16:29,120
there is a story here and i want to

453
00:16:32,629 --> 00:16:30,880
learn about i want to learn about the

454
00:16:34,069 --> 00:16:32,639
earth i want to learn about

455
00:16:35,670 --> 00:16:34,079
you know

456
00:16:37,189 --> 00:16:35,680
as i begin to learn about it the more i

457
00:16:39,430 --> 00:16:37,199
learned the more i began to realize how

458
00:16:41,350 --> 00:16:39,440
much we didn't know yet

459
00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:41,360
and of course when i started turning to

460
00:16:44,550 --> 00:16:43,040
some of the archaic traditions you know

461
00:16:46,870 --> 00:16:44,560
one of the things that i found over and

462
00:16:48,790 --> 00:16:46,880
over and over again was that um

463
00:16:51,670 --> 00:16:48,800
there was it was a very much a

464
00:16:54,389 --> 00:16:51,680
catastrophist world view as contrasted

465
00:16:55,910 --> 00:16:54,399
with the very gradualist world view that

466
00:16:57,590 --> 00:16:55,920
prevailed through most of the 20th

467
00:16:59,590 --> 00:16:57,600
century in our understanding of the

468
00:17:01,509 --> 00:16:59,600
earth history because with the rise of

469
00:17:03,509 --> 00:17:01,519
darwinian evolution through natural

470
00:17:05,510 --> 00:17:03,519
selection um

471
00:17:07,270 --> 00:17:05,520
and the abandonment of the you know the

472
00:17:09,429 --> 00:17:07,280
belief that the earth was only five or

473
00:17:11,829 --> 00:17:09,439
six thousand years old you know what

474
00:17:13,510 --> 00:17:11,839
happened is the time frame went from

475
00:17:15,590 --> 00:17:13,520
being constricted

476
00:17:19,350 --> 00:17:15,600
like this to being

477
00:17:20,949 --> 00:17:19,360
enormous right so what happened is is

478
00:17:22,549 --> 00:17:20,959
darwinian evolution through natural

479
00:17:24,150 --> 00:17:22,559
selection which would be a very slow

480
00:17:25,990 --> 00:17:24,160
incremental process

481
00:17:28,470 --> 00:17:26,000
pretty much emerged into the

482
00:17:30,630 --> 00:17:28,480
on the intellectual horizons of

483
00:17:33,390 --> 00:17:30,640
mankind during the during the 19th

484
00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:33,400
century as the same time as the

485
00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:36,400
uniformitarian or gradualist dogmas of

486
00:17:40,070 --> 00:17:38,480
of earth change and the two seem to go

487
00:17:42,710 --> 00:17:40,080
hand in glove to each other you know

488
00:17:43,830 --> 00:17:42,720
watch you can accept that there was slow

489
00:17:46,230 --> 00:17:43,840
incremental

490
00:17:48,630 --> 00:17:46,240
evolution it was easy to uh accept also

491
00:17:51,430 --> 00:17:48,640
that there was slow incremental uh

492
00:17:53,029 --> 00:17:51,440
geological change however in the early

493
00:17:54,230 --> 00:17:53,039
days of geology most of the founding

494
00:17:56,310 --> 00:17:54,240
fathers of geologists were

495
00:17:57,909 --> 00:17:56,320
catastrophists who looked at the

496
00:18:00,390 --> 00:17:57,919
landscape and believed that there were

497
00:18:02,549 --> 00:18:00,400
evidence in the landscape that the the

498
00:18:03,830 --> 00:18:02,559
gradualist processes that we've seen

499
00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:03,840
going on

500
00:18:08,070 --> 00:18:06,320
today in our own lifetimes had actually

501
00:18:09,909 --> 00:18:08,080
been um

502
00:18:11,669 --> 00:18:09,919
interrupted temporarily and while

503
00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:11,679
they're being interrupted you know

504
00:18:15,830 --> 00:18:14,160
there's a highly accelerated pace of

505
00:18:17,430 --> 00:18:15,840
change

506
00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:17,440
now is this an image i guess you pulled

507
00:18:20,310 --> 00:18:19,280
up here

508
00:18:22,310 --> 00:18:20,320
what's that

509
00:18:25,590 --> 00:18:22,320
did you pull up this image of the

510
00:18:27,029 --> 00:18:25,600
the pothole i just yeah just just uh

511
00:18:29,510 --> 00:18:27,039
i thought it was an interesting image

512
00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:29,520
that's all it's a yeah well let's talk

513
00:18:33,350 --> 00:18:31,360
about that okay

514
00:18:35,350 --> 00:18:33,360
because this gets right back to to some

515
00:18:38,310 --> 00:18:35,360
of the impressions this is it at

516
00:18:40,789 --> 00:18:38,320
taylor's falls it's a uh it's a basalt

517
00:18:42,789 --> 00:18:40,799
outcrop along the uh saint croix river

518
00:18:45,110 --> 00:18:42,799
that forms part of the border between

519
00:18:47,430 --> 00:18:45,120
minnesota and wisconsin

520
00:18:49,110 --> 00:18:47,440
and this was a place that we would go

521
00:18:51,590 --> 00:18:49,120
quite frequently when i was a kid and

522
00:18:53,830 --> 00:18:51,600
what we're doing here is we're i am down

523
00:18:56,789 --> 00:18:53,840
in the bottom of a pothole that has been

524
00:18:59,110 --> 00:18:56,799
drilled into this hard basalt bedrock

525
00:19:01,590 --> 00:18:59,120
the the gentleman do you recognize the

526
00:19:04,150 --> 00:19:01,600
gentleman who's gazing down yeah that

527
00:19:05,830 --> 00:19:04,160
looks like is that uh grant that that's

528
00:19:07,350 --> 00:19:05,840
graham hancock

529
00:19:09,029 --> 00:19:07,360
great that's who i meant yeah graham

530
00:19:11,029 --> 00:19:09,039
hancock yeah

531
00:19:13,110 --> 00:19:11,039
yeah that's graham there we were this

532
00:19:14,549 --> 00:19:13,120
was on our on our two week journey

533
00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:14,559
together a few years ago when he was

534
00:19:19,830 --> 00:19:17,440
researching magicians of the gods um

535
00:19:22,390 --> 00:19:19,840
this was actually the last geological

536
00:19:24,070 --> 00:19:22,400
stop that we made was this uh

537
00:19:25,510 --> 00:19:24,080
this particular outcrop along the saint

538
00:19:28,230 --> 00:19:25,520
croix river where

539
00:19:30,470 --> 00:19:28,240
there was this enormous extremely

540
00:19:31,669 --> 00:19:30,480
violent torrent of melt water that

541
00:19:33,110 --> 00:19:31,679
gushed through there at the end of the

542
00:19:34,150 --> 00:19:33,120
last ice age

543
00:19:35,590 --> 00:19:34,160
and one of the things you need to

544
00:19:37,430 --> 00:19:35,600
understand about

545
00:19:39,909 --> 00:19:37,440
water being a fluid

546
00:19:41,750 --> 00:19:39,919
it will compete recapitulate many of the

547
00:19:43,830 --> 00:19:41,760
same type of processes that we see in

548
00:19:44,789 --> 00:19:43,840
the atmosphere because the air is also a

549
00:19:47,029 --> 00:19:44,799
fluid

550
00:19:49,350 --> 00:19:47,039
but what you see here is that this is

551
00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:49,360
the evidence of coal king now caulking

552
00:19:53,029 --> 00:19:50,720
is what happens when you have the

553
00:19:55,830 --> 00:19:53,039
extreme turbulence in deep swiftly

554
00:19:57,669 --> 00:19:55,840
moving water and it actually forms what

555
00:20:00,310 --> 00:19:57,679
you could think of as underwater

556
00:20:03,190 --> 00:20:00,320
tornadoes and they are like literally

557
00:20:07,029 --> 00:20:03,200
like whirlpools underwater tornadoes

558
00:20:09,029 --> 00:20:07,039
that can that can spin with extreme uh

559
00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:09,039
force and and power

560
00:20:11,909 --> 00:20:10,480
and what they will do is they will pick

561
00:20:13,750 --> 00:20:11,919
up loose sediment and that loose

562
00:20:14,870 --> 00:20:13,760
sediment can be anything from sand up to

563
00:20:16,870 --> 00:20:14,880
boulders

564
00:20:19,029 --> 00:20:16,880
and it'll pick up that sediment and

565
00:20:21,029 --> 00:20:19,039
train it within the whirlpool and that

566
00:20:23,270 --> 00:20:21,039
becomes like a massive drill like a

567
00:20:24,230 --> 00:20:23,280
massive hydraulic drill and it could

568
00:20:26,390 --> 00:20:24,240
drill

569
00:20:29,909 --> 00:20:26,400
literally into bedrock and so we're

570
00:20:31,909 --> 00:20:29,919
standing here i'm down in this pothole

571
00:20:33,669 --> 00:20:31,919
looking up at graham this is not even

572
00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:33,679
one of the biggest ones

573
00:20:36,950 --> 00:20:34,880
this one's probably looks like it's

574
00:20:39,590 --> 00:20:36,960
about 15 feet in diameter

575
00:20:41,430 --> 00:20:39,600
um i'm probably not in the full bottom

576
00:20:45,190 --> 00:20:41,440
but the very largest ones are i think up

577
00:20:46,870 --> 00:20:45,200
to 25 feet diameter and 80 feet in depth

578
00:20:49,270 --> 00:20:46,880
and there's a couple of dozen of these

579
00:20:51,510 --> 00:20:49,280
things on this one particular outcrop

580
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:51,520
which is is clear evidence that there

581
00:20:55,669 --> 00:20:53,760
were these massive turbulent floods

582
00:20:57,590 --> 00:20:55,679
rushing through here and this is one of

583
00:20:59,029 --> 00:20:57,600
the one of the diagnostics that you

584
00:21:01,510 --> 00:20:59,039
would look for that anybody would look

585
00:21:04,230 --> 00:21:01,520
for when traveling around and i've seen

586
00:21:05,750 --> 00:21:04,240
this in in countless dozens of river

587
00:21:07,669 --> 00:21:05,760
valleys around the north american

588
00:21:09,590 --> 00:21:07,679
continent where you'll have exposed

589
00:21:11,909 --> 00:21:09,600
bedrock and you will be able to see that

590
00:21:15,029 --> 00:21:11,919
there are um potholes that have been

591
00:21:16,310 --> 00:21:15,039
drilled in and it's not the modern

592
00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:16,320
water float that's creating those

593
00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:18,880
potholes it's just these short-lived

594
00:21:24,070 --> 00:21:22,000
high discharge turbulent events um that

595
00:21:25,430 --> 00:21:24,080
are related to the to the big meltdown

596
00:21:27,270 --> 00:21:25,440
of the great ice sheets because you got

597
00:21:29,830 --> 00:21:27,280
to bear in mind now at the end of the

598
00:21:32,789 --> 00:21:29,840
the late wisconsin ice age you know it

599
00:21:35,029 --> 00:21:32,799
between 12 and say 15 000 years ago

600
00:21:37,590 --> 00:21:35,039
there was somewhere around 6 million

601
00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:37,600
cubic miles of ice piled up on the north

602
00:21:41,750 --> 00:21:39,120
american continent it was up to two

603
00:21:43,909 --> 00:21:41,760
miles thick over the region of central

604
00:21:45,990 --> 00:21:43,919
canada and over the hudson bay region it

605
00:21:47,270 --> 00:21:46,000
reached from the atlantic to the pacific

606
00:21:49,990 --> 00:21:47,280
oceans and it reached from northern

607
00:21:52,149 --> 00:21:50,000
united states to the arctic ocean a

608
00:21:54,630 --> 00:21:52,159
drastically dramatically different kind

609
00:21:57,350 --> 00:21:54,640
of a climb than than we've experienced

610
00:21:58,470 --> 00:21:57,360
in in recent millennia um

611
00:22:01,750 --> 00:21:58,480
and

612
00:22:05,430 --> 00:22:01,760
something triggered a rapid melting here

613
00:22:06,470 --> 00:22:05,440
um between like 11 and 14 000 years ago

614
00:22:07,510 --> 00:22:06,480
that

615
00:22:08,390 --> 00:22:07,520
uh

616
00:22:11,029 --> 00:22:08,400
caused

617
00:22:12,390 --> 00:22:11,039
uh catastrophic water flows to emanate

618
00:22:15,430 --> 00:22:12,400
off of the ice sheet

619
00:22:17,270 --> 00:22:15,440
in their return to the ocean basins

620
00:22:19,270 --> 00:22:17,280
the sum total of water that have been

621
00:22:21,669 --> 00:22:19,280
drawn out of the ocean basins in order

622
00:22:23,590 --> 00:22:21,679
to create these giant ice sheets lowered

623
00:22:26,070 --> 00:22:23,600
global sea levels by up to somewhere

624
00:22:27,990 --> 00:22:26,080
around 400 feet so when all of that

625
00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:28,000
water all that ice started melting and

626
00:22:34,230 --> 00:22:30,960
the water began to pour back in it uh

627
00:22:36,710 --> 00:22:34,240
rose sea levels by like i said 400 feet

628
00:22:39,430 --> 00:22:36,720
and it completely altered the landscape

629
00:22:41,830 --> 00:22:39,440
of earth at the time and it was also

630
00:22:43,669 --> 00:22:41,840
associated not only with direct melt

631
00:22:45,110 --> 00:22:43,679
water like what you're seeing here in

632
00:22:47,270 --> 00:22:45,120
dry falls cataract this would have been

633
00:22:49,029 --> 00:22:47,280
direct melt water coming right off the

634
00:22:51,909 --> 00:22:49,039
uh okanagan lobe

635
00:22:54,630 --> 00:22:51,919
uh of the uh courtier and ice sheet that

636
00:22:57,029 --> 00:22:54,640
would be called but you can trace these

637
00:22:59,190 --> 00:22:57,039
gigantic belt water streams off the

638
00:23:02,070 --> 00:22:59,200
entire perimeter of the whole lake

639
00:23:03,430 --> 00:23:02,080
wisconsin ice complex so you have flows

640
00:23:05,590 --> 00:23:03,440
that were going into the atlantic you

641
00:23:07,190 --> 00:23:05,600
had flows going into the pacific i made

642
00:23:08,950 --> 00:23:07,200
a traverse from the headwaters of the

643
00:23:11,350 --> 00:23:08,960
fraser river all the way to the pacific

644
00:23:13,270 --> 00:23:11,360
ocean back in 1999

645
00:23:16,070 --> 00:23:13,280
and it

646
00:23:18,549 --> 00:23:16,080
the whole valley had all of the

647
00:23:20,390 --> 00:23:18,559
all of the evidence of

648
00:23:22,390 --> 00:23:20,400
all the features of gigantic

649
00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:22,400
catastrophic melt water floods flowing

650
00:23:26,549 --> 00:23:23,760
through there

651
00:23:28,390 --> 00:23:26,559
i did a traverse uh with my colleague

652
00:23:30,870 --> 00:23:28,400
brad young uh

653
00:23:32,789 --> 00:23:30,880
see i believe was also in 1999 going up

654
00:23:34,789 --> 00:23:32,799
to the to the very headwaters of the

655
00:23:36,630 --> 00:23:34,799
columbia river up in british columbia

656
00:23:38,310 --> 00:23:36,640
and following that all the way down and

657
00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:38,320
documenting the evidence for

658
00:23:43,270 --> 00:23:40,720
catastrophic melt water floods all the

659
00:23:45,270 --> 00:23:43,280
way down that and we've done that now

660
00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:45,280
i've lost count how many rivers we've

661
00:23:50,230 --> 00:23:48,000
we've traversed in order to document

662
00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:50,240
and and i have not seen a single river

663
00:23:55,430 --> 00:23:52,880
valley in north america that was not

664
00:23:57,430 --> 00:23:55,440
carrying enormously augmented flows at

665
00:24:00,390 --> 00:23:57,440
the end of the last ice age not one not

666
00:24:02,789 --> 00:24:00,400
one single river valley have i seen

667
00:24:05,909 --> 00:24:02,799
that didn't have evidence of

668
00:24:07,110 --> 00:24:05,919
again enormously increased discharges uh

669
00:24:10,710 --> 00:24:07,120
during that

670
00:24:14,070 --> 00:24:10,720
now what do you think um could have

671
00:24:15,350 --> 00:24:14,080
caused such uh a massive melting

672
00:24:18,310 --> 00:24:15,360
of uh

673
00:24:20,310 --> 00:24:18,320
of of that ice sheet so quickly well

674
00:24:22,310 --> 00:24:20,320
there we get to the crux of the whole

675
00:24:23,750 --> 00:24:22,320
mystery don't we

676
00:24:26,710 --> 00:24:23,760
well

677
00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:26,720
my suspicions go back about 25 years

678
00:24:30,390 --> 00:24:28,720
because i had been pondering this and

679
00:24:32,470 --> 00:24:30,400
pondering this

680
00:24:33,909 --> 00:24:32,480
trying to understand you know at this

681
00:24:36,149 --> 00:24:33,919
point i had not gone out and actually

682
00:24:37,909 --> 00:24:36,159
done uh serious

683
00:24:39,110 --> 00:24:37,919
field studies in the

684
00:24:41,350 --> 00:24:39,120
in the uh

685
00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:41,360
channel scab land or missoula flood

686
00:24:44,950 --> 00:24:42,880
landscapes yet

687
00:24:46,230 --> 00:24:44,960
but in looking at all

688
00:24:48,549 --> 00:24:46,240
working my way through all the

689
00:24:50,789 --> 00:24:48,559
scientific literature available

690
00:24:53,990 --> 00:24:50,799
i came to the conclusion that the whole

691
00:24:56,789 --> 00:24:54,000
theory there was serious um

692
00:24:58,310 --> 00:24:56,799
inconsistencies in the the prevailing

693
00:25:00,230 --> 00:24:58,320
theory

694
00:25:03,029 --> 00:25:00,240
which was that all this water came out

695
00:25:04,950 --> 00:25:03,039
of a great glacial lake in montana

696
00:25:07,909 --> 00:25:04,960
and as i began to go through the and

697
00:25:08,460 --> 00:25:07,919
learning about the the scientific

698
00:25:09,909 --> 00:25:08,470
um

699
00:25:13,110 --> 00:25:09,919
[Music]

700
00:25:15,350 --> 00:25:13,120
process by which it was finally accepted

701
00:25:17,430 --> 00:25:15,360
by mainstream geology geology that these

702
00:25:18,710 --> 00:25:17,440
giant floods had taken place it seemed

703
00:25:20,470 --> 00:25:18,720
like there was just a sort of a

704
00:25:22,470 --> 00:25:20,480
repetition of

705
00:25:23,830 --> 00:25:22,480
of the same kind of an attitude that was

706
00:25:25,990 --> 00:25:23,840
holding back

707
00:25:28,710 --> 00:25:26,000
you know why the the original discover

708
00:25:30,470 --> 00:25:28,720
of these landscapes was j harlan bratz

709
00:25:32,070 --> 00:25:30,480
we've been a high school teacher who got

710
00:25:34,789 --> 00:25:32,080
obsessed with geology and then

711
00:25:37,269 --> 00:25:34,799
eventually did become a phd geologist it

712
00:25:39,350 --> 00:25:37,279
did most of his life's work on the uh

713
00:25:42,390 --> 00:25:39,360
deciphering these uh

714
00:25:46,310 --> 00:25:42,400
massive erosional features in washington

715
00:25:47,909 --> 00:25:46,320
state such as dry falls cataract and um

716
00:25:50,549 --> 00:25:47,919
he began publishing on this and i think

717
00:25:52,470 --> 00:25:50,559
his first paper was in 1923 on

718
00:25:55,029 --> 00:25:52,480
specifically on the formation of these

719
00:25:56,789 --> 00:25:55,039
channels scab lands and mainstream

720
00:26:00,549 --> 00:25:56,799
geology basically considered him a

721
00:26:02,870 --> 00:26:00,559
crackpot and for the next 25 years he

722
00:26:04,870 --> 00:26:02,880
spent most of every season out in the

723
00:26:06,070 --> 00:26:04,880
field with graduate students and

724
00:26:08,950 --> 00:26:06,080
and um

725
00:26:11,350 --> 00:26:08,960
documenting these these features and he

726
00:26:13,269 --> 00:26:11,360
created these maps and he showed from

727
00:26:14,630 --> 00:26:13,279
not not only from the erosional effects

728
00:26:15,750 --> 00:26:14,640
but from the depositional effects

729
00:26:18,310 --> 00:26:15,760
because you got to realize that when you

730
00:26:19,510 --> 00:26:18,320
have a flood there's going to be two two

731
00:26:21,029 --> 00:26:19,520
parts to this process you're going to

732
00:26:22,230 --> 00:26:21,039
have an erosion

733
00:26:24,310 --> 00:26:22,240
part of it

734
00:26:26,070 --> 00:26:24,320
or an erosional phase and then all of

735
00:26:28,070 --> 00:26:26,080
that material that is picked up and

736
00:26:29,590 --> 00:26:28,080
moved and trained and moved over the

737
00:26:32,390 --> 00:26:29,600
landscape it's going to get dumped

738
00:26:33,830 --> 00:26:32,400
somewhere so you've got the erosional

739
00:26:37,029 --> 00:26:33,840
and then you've got the deposition and

740
00:26:39,269 --> 00:26:37,039
so he was basically documenting both and

741
00:26:40,549 --> 00:26:39,279
showing how you could only you know you

742
00:26:42,070 --> 00:26:40,559
could might take

743
00:26:44,390 --> 00:26:42,080
one of the features

744
00:26:46,549 --> 00:26:44,400
uh for example and explained by

745
00:26:49,110 --> 00:26:46,559
non-catastrophic um

746
00:26:51,990 --> 00:26:49,120
forces but then when you took the whole

747
00:26:54,789 --> 00:26:52,000
suite of features all together there was

748
00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:54,799
no way to explain it other than

749
00:26:59,269 --> 00:26:56,640
something extremely catastrophic

750
00:27:01,830 --> 00:26:59,279
profoundly catastrophic in terms of of

751
00:27:04,470 --> 00:27:01,840
this the scale of these floods

752
00:27:05,590 --> 00:27:04,480
well the the main geological objection

753
00:27:08,390 --> 00:27:05,600
was this

754
00:27:09,750 --> 00:27:08,400
you can't explain the source

755
00:27:12,549 --> 00:27:09,760
you say there were these

756
00:27:14,870 --> 00:27:12,559
gigantic floods ten times the flow of

757
00:27:16,950 --> 00:27:14,880
every river on earth but you can't

758
00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:16,960
explain where the source of the water

759
00:27:22,230 --> 00:27:20,080
came from therefore there were no floods

760
00:27:24,630 --> 00:27:22,240
that was the estimates of the logic for

761
00:27:26,710 --> 00:27:24,640
for 25 years right wow

762
00:27:28,549 --> 00:27:26,720
finally you have this you have another

763
00:27:31,350 --> 00:27:28,559
geologist worked for the u.s geological

764
00:27:33,750 --> 00:27:31,360
survey by the name of jt pardee who

765
00:27:35,669 --> 00:27:33,760
while wild bratz was studying eastern

766
00:27:38,070 --> 00:27:35,679
washington he's studying

767
00:27:38,950 --> 00:27:38,080
western montana about 500 miles to the

768
00:27:40,870 --> 00:27:38,960
east

769
00:27:42,630 --> 00:27:40,880
and what he was doing was looking for

770
00:27:45,669 --> 00:27:42,640
evidence that there had been a gigantic

771
00:27:47,909 --> 00:27:45,679
glacial lake um because the first thing

772
00:27:50,789 --> 00:27:47,919
he saw in his first paper that he wrote

773
00:27:52,630 --> 00:27:50,799
was back in 1910 and what he saw was

774
00:27:54,230 --> 00:27:52,640
that there were two things that clued

775
00:27:55,909 --> 00:27:54,240
him that there had once been this huge

776
00:27:57,990 --> 00:27:55,919
body of water within these mountain

777
00:27:59,990 --> 00:27:58,000
valleys one was the sediment on the

778
00:28:01,669 --> 00:28:00,000
floor of these valleys which was to be

779
00:28:03,510 --> 00:28:01,679
typical what a geologist would call a

780
00:28:05,669 --> 00:28:03,520
holocaust stream sediment which is a

781
00:28:07,510 --> 00:28:05,679
lake bottom center and then up on the

782
00:28:10,149 --> 00:28:07,520
mountainsides there were a succession of

783
00:28:13,110 --> 00:28:10,159
shorelines that that were very clearly

784
00:28:14,789 --> 00:28:13,120
demarcated and preserved and these are

785
00:28:16,549 --> 00:28:14,799
fossil shorelines they show up very

786
00:28:18,230 --> 00:28:16,559
conspicuously on

787
00:28:21,029 --> 00:28:18,240
mount jumbo and mount sentinel right

788
00:28:23,830 --> 00:28:21,039
there near the university of uh

789
00:28:25,669 --> 00:28:23,840
montana in missoula

790
00:28:27,269 --> 00:28:25,679
you can see them very clear i think i've

791
00:28:29,430 --> 00:28:27,279
sent you a picture

792
00:28:30,789 --> 00:28:29,440
where you can see the shorelines and

793
00:28:32,230 --> 00:28:30,799
that should be

794
00:28:34,789 --> 00:28:32,240
um

795
00:28:36,789 --> 00:28:34,799
pretty early on

796
00:28:40,149 --> 00:28:36,799
um

797
00:28:41,510 --> 00:28:40,159
if you look there uh try

798
00:28:43,669 --> 00:28:41,520
um

799
00:28:45,190 --> 00:28:43,679
7b

800
00:28:48,389 --> 00:28:45,200
yeah i don't have any of those numbers i

801
00:28:50,630 --> 00:28:48,399
only have like the 10 47 48

802
00:28:52,149 --> 00:28:50,640
of those numbers i don't have any

803
00:28:56,950 --> 00:28:52,159
like seven

804
00:28:59,110 --> 00:28:56,960
unless it's uh i'll change up four lines

805
00:29:01,269 --> 00:28:59,120
both shorelines

806
00:29:02,710 --> 00:29:01,279
all right let me just take a look

807
00:29:04,310 --> 00:29:02,720
you might be able to see

808
00:29:07,510 --> 00:29:04,320
go ahead and keep going if if you want

809
00:29:09,430 --> 00:29:07,520
to know yeah so so jt pardee saw these

810
00:29:11,110 --> 00:29:09,440
shorelines

811
00:29:12,310 --> 00:29:11,120
saw the typical lake bottom sediments

812
00:29:14,630 --> 00:29:12,320
and then had concluded from the

813
00:29:16,950 --> 00:29:14,640
elevation of the top shoreline outside

814
00:29:18,470 --> 00:29:16,960
of uh in outside of missoula montana

815
00:29:21,029 --> 00:29:18,480
that the lake right there had to have

816
00:29:24,230 --> 00:29:21,039
been close to a thousand feet deep

817
00:29:26,870 --> 00:29:24,240
and so he began to trace this

818
00:29:28,630 --> 00:29:26,880
uh these shorelines and and lake bottom

819
00:29:29,830 --> 00:29:28,640
sediments came to the conclusion that

820
00:29:32,789 --> 00:29:29,840
somewhere to the west of there in the

821
00:29:35,029 --> 00:29:32,799
clarke fort valley um there had been an

822
00:29:36,950 --> 00:29:35,039
ice dam and this idea had actually been

823
00:29:40,389 --> 00:29:36,960
proposed by t.c chamberlain back in

824
00:29:42,630 --> 00:29:40,399
about 1896 i think um

825
00:29:44,230 --> 00:29:42,640
who who also saw evidence that he that

826
00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:44,240
there was this large volume of water

827
00:29:47,430 --> 00:29:45,520
well

828
00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:47,440
what happened was

829
00:29:51,669 --> 00:29:49,360
the geological community was eventually

830
00:29:54,070 --> 00:29:51,679
able to come around and say oh okay look

831
00:29:55,990 --> 00:29:54,080
this party has provided the explanation

832
00:29:57,990 --> 00:29:56,000
all the water came from lake missoula

833
00:29:59,990 --> 00:29:58,000
there was a big ice dam near the ice dam

834
00:30:02,149 --> 00:30:00,000
gave way and all the water from lake

835
00:30:03,750 --> 00:30:02,159
missoula drained out and carved the

836
00:30:05,350 --> 00:30:03,760
channel scab lands on its way to the

837
00:30:06,389 --> 00:30:05,360
pacific ocean

838
00:30:08,549 --> 00:30:06,399
so

839
00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:08,559
as a result of that

840
00:30:12,470 --> 00:30:10,240
they begin a provisional acceptance of

841
00:30:13,430 --> 00:30:12,480
the idea of catastrophic flooding

842
00:30:15,430 --> 00:30:13,440
but

843
00:30:17,510 --> 00:30:15,440
in my opinion what they did was they

844
00:30:19,669 --> 00:30:17,520
said okay the source of water was lake

845
00:30:21,830 --> 00:30:19,679
missoula well some of the studies have

846
00:30:23,909 --> 00:30:21,840
shown that there may have been over 600

847
00:30:25,350 --> 00:30:23,919
cubic miles of water accumulated in

848
00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:25,360
those mountain valleys that's an

849
00:30:29,909 --> 00:30:27,840
enormous amount of water an enormous

850
00:30:31,190 --> 00:30:29,919
amount of water okay

851
00:30:33,750 --> 00:30:31,200
so

852
00:30:36,789 --> 00:30:33,760
my perspective on it was well where did

853
00:30:38,549 --> 00:30:36,799
that water come from okay let's see you

854
00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:38,559
are looking at the palouse there the

855
00:30:40,980 --> 00:30:40,320
rolling palooz

856
00:30:42,389 --> 00:30:40,990
um

857
00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:42,399
[Music]

858
00:30:45,029 --> 00:30:43,840
that that's just i'm just pulling up

859
00:30:46,310 --> 00:30:45,039
different images you don't really have

860
00:30:48,710 --> 00:30:46,320
to talk about it if you don't want to

861
00:30:53,230 --> 00:30:50,549
we can certainly talk about that but i

862
00:30:55,510 --> 00:30:53,240
think we need to get our images

863
00:30:58,310 --> 00:30:55,520
coordinated here and you know what i

864
00:31:02,070 --> 00:31:01,110
i can do that i think i have just

865
00:31:03,750 --> 00:31:02,080
um

866
00:31:06,149 --> 00:31:03,760
i'll get there and then we'll have i

867
00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:06,159
think we can get our images coordinated

868
00:31:09,909 --> 00:31:07,200
um

869
00:31:12,230 --> 00:31:09,919
yeah because i might have had the wrong

870
00:31:14,149 --> 00:31:12,240
okay okay so now i've got i've got you

871
00:31:14,950 --> 00:31:14,159
may have sent me the wrong okay you want

872
00:31:16,870 --> 00:31:14,960
to go

873
00:31:20,549 --> 00:31:16,880
for the shorelines go to

874
00:31:21,830 --> 00:31:20,559
uh one zero one two ten twelve

875
00:31:25,269 --> 00:31:21,840
okay

876
00:31:27,990 --> 00:31:25,279
mount jumbo shorelines

877
00:31:30,310 --> 00:31:28,000
yeah i'm sorry they start in the 1040s

878
00:31:32,470 --> 00:31:30,320
they started the 1040s

879
00:31:33,669 --> 00:31:32,480
yeah wait a minute hang on unless they

880
00:31:35,110 --> 00:31:33,679
go backwards

881
00:31:37,669 --> 00:31:35,120
yeah you probably can't they go down to

882
00:31:39,909 --> 00:31:37,679
10 22 and that's the last that's the

883
00:31:41,590 --> 00:31:39,919
lowest number i have

884
00:31:44,870 --> 00:31:41,600
oh okay

885
00:31:49,590 --> 00:31:47,909
go to um go to 10 22. let's see what

886
00:31:51,110 --> 00:31:49,600
that is

887
00:31:54,149 --> 00:31:51,120
okay coming up

888
00:31:56,149 --> 00:31:54,159
is cumberland falls

889
00:31:58,830 --> 00:31:56,159
okay there's cumberland falls that's a

890
00:32:01,590 --> 00:31:58,840
good one okay let's see let me get back

891
00:32:03,830 --> 00:32:01,600
to um

892
00:32:05,350 --> 00:32:03,840
there you are okay

893
00:32:08,149 --> 00:32:05,360
if you look at this this is actually in

894
00:32:11,509 --> 00:32:08,159
kentucky and what you see here is a

895
00:32:14,950 --> 00:32:13,190
what i would call anybody who can see

896
00:32:16,630 --> 00:32:14,960
this on online

897
00:32:19,350 --> 00:32:16,640
if you look at the

898
00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:19,360
uh texture of the bedrock

899
00:32:23,830 --> 00:32:20,960
around the falls

900
00:32:26,830 --> 00:32:23,840
you begin to see how scoured and and

901
00:32:28,870 --> 00:32:26,840
eroded it is and i

902
00:32:31,590 --> 00:32:28,880
think uh

903
00:32:33,830 --> 00:32:31,600
let's go here uh

904
00:32:35,830 --> 00:32:33,840
if you go to the next image should be

905
00:32:37,909 --> 00:32:35,840
cumberland falls cataract from google

906
00:32:39,590 --> 00:32:37,919
earth pro

907
00:32:40,710 --> 00:32:39,600
and what you're seeing there is from the

908
00:32:42,950 --> 00:32:40,720
air

909
00:32:44,470 --> 00:32:42,960
and you see that horseshoe shape that's

910
00:32:46,470 --> 00:32:44,480
a very typical

911
00:32:49,269 --> 00:32:46,480
formation that's left in the wake of

912
00:32:51,430 --> 00:32:49,279
catastrophic water flows

913
00:32:53,269 --> 00:32:51,440
because when water flows the the faster

914
00:32:54,870 --> 00:32:53,279
the water flow the greater the erosive

915
00:32:56,789 --> 00:32:54,880
potential but if you have a cross

916
00:32:57,830 --> 00:32:56,799
cross-section of

917
00:33:00,470 --> 00:32:57,840
water

918
00:33:03,029 --> 00:33:00,480
um what happens is along the boundaries

919
00:33:03,909 --> 00:33:03,039
of that water flow there's more friction

920
00:33:06,070 --> 00:33:03,919
so

921
00:33:08,389 --> 00:33:06,080
along the edges of the water flow it

922
00:33:11,269 --> 00:33:08,399
flows slower than it does in the middle

923
00:33:13,750 --> 00:33:11,279
and so water flows the fastest in the

924
00:33:15,830 --> 00:33:13,760
middle of a current and then it uh the

925
00:33:18,389 --> 00:33:15,840
velocity of the water flow

926
00:33:20,389 --> 00:33:18,399
hence its power falls off as you move

927
00:33:22,549 --> 00:33:20,399
towards the edges so

928
00:33:24,870 --> 00:33:22,559
the middle is going to erode faster than

929
00:33:26,870 --> 00:33:24,880
the edges and so what it does is it it

930
00:33:28,950 --> 00:33:26,880
erodes this um

931
00:33:31,350 --> 00:33:28,960
this horseshoe shape it's anybody who's

932
00:33:33,430 --> 00:33:31,360
been to niagara falls or looks up

933
00:33:36,310 --> 00:33:33,440
niagara falls

934
00:33:39,029 --> 00:33:36,320
you know from the air is going to see

935
00:33:41,750 --> 00:33:39,039
uh horseshoe falls uh at niagara has

936
00:33:44,149 --> 00:33:41,760
this very typical horseshoe shape

937
00:33:47,190 --> 00:33:44,159
and in fact the what you're seeing here

938
00:33:49,350 --> 00:33:47,200
in cumberland falls is a smaller version

939
00:33:52,789 --> 00:33:49,360
of the dry false cataract you've got

940
00:33:59,990 --> 00:33:56,070
but at the time this cataract was was um

941
00:34:02,710 --> 00:34:00,000
formed the flows were enormously

942
00:34:04,549 --> 00:34:02,720
much bigger than the flow you see here

943
00:34:08,069 --> 00:34:04,559
so if you go

944
00:34:11,669 --> 00:34:08,079
uh two images ahead you will see the

945
00:34:14,389 --> 00:34:11,679
debris the sediment that is below

946
00:34:16,310 --> 00:34:14,399
cumberland falls

947
00:34:18,389 --> 00:34:16,320
and there should be two people standing

948
00:34:19,190 --> 00:34:18,399
on a rock there one of them with the red

949
00:34:21,270 --> 00:34:19,200
shirt

950
00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:21,280
yep got it okay i want you to take a

951
00:34:24,069 --> 00:34:23,200
look at those boulders

952
00:34:26,310 --> 00:34:24,079
now

953
00:34:28,230 --> 00:34:26,320
those boulders are not being moved by

954
00:34:30,710 --> 00:34:28,240
the modern cumberland river those

955
00:34:33,589 --> 00:34:30,720
boulders are a fossil artifact of a

956
00:34:34,389 --> 00:34:33,599
gigantic melt water flood that rushed

957
00:34:36,629 --> 00:34:34,399
through

958
00:34:38,389 --> 00:34:36,639
this area at the end of the last ice age

959
00:34:40,230 --> 00:34:38,399
and you can look at the science to those

960
00:34:41,510 --> 00:34:40,240
boulders and realize

961
00:34:43,270 --> 00:34:41,520
that you know they've been sitting there

962
00:34:45,669 --> 00:34:43,280
stacked up like that for you know maybe

963
00:34:47,030 --> 00:34:45,679
12 or 13 000 years

964
00:34:48,310 --> 00:34:47,040
and

965
00:34:49,909 --> 00:34:48,320
this is the kind of thing that you would

966
00:34:51,190 --> 00:34:49,919
look for and in fact i don't know if i

967
00:34:52,310 --> 00:34:51,200
have a picture of it in here but if you

968
00:34:54,790 --> 00:34:52,320
went up and looked at some of the

969
00:34:57,109 --> 00:34:54,800
exposed bedrock up near the river you

970
00:34:59,910 --> 00:34:57,119
would find some pretty substantial

971
00:35:01,510 --> 00:34:59,920
potholes that had been drilled in so

972
00:35:04,470 --> 00:35:01,520
there's a number of these features that

973
00:35:06,390 --> 00:35:04,480
you look at that taken together

974
00:35:09,430 --> 00:35:06,400
make the case for catastrophic water

975
00:35:11,990 --> 00:35:09,440
flows i would challenge anybody to try

976
00:35:12,950 --> 00:35:12,000
to explain that boulder deposit right

977
00:35:14,150 --> 00:35:12,960
there

978
00:35:17,349 --> 00:35:14,160
without

979
00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:17,359
by some gradualist means

980
00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:18,960
and uh they're not going to be able to

981
00:35:21,109 --> 00:35:19,920
do it

982
00:35:23,750 --> 00:35:21,119
yeah um

983
00:35:25,829 --> 00:35:23,760
if you go to the next one 10 25

984
00:35:28,069 --> 00:35:25,839
falls creek falls tennessee you're going

985
00:35:31,349 --> 00:35:28,079
to see another cataract you see you're

986
00:35:33,430 --> 00:35:31,359
going to see that horseshoe shape

987
00:35:34,630 --> 00:35:33,440
i think you do you have it up there now

988
00:35:35,910 --> 00:35:34,640
martin

989
00:35:37,430 --> 00:35:35,920
yeah

990
00:35:39,750 --> 00:35:37,440
let's see

991
00:35:43,030 --> 00:35:39,760
no now we're looking okay that's

992
00:35:45,829 --> 00:35:43,040
those are more okay this is the 10 25

993
00:35:47,109 --> 00:35:45,839
yeah okay but

994
00:35:48,870 --> 00:35:47,119
i can put it

995
00:35:49,829 --> 00:35:48,880
put another one if you give me the image

996
00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:49,839
number

997
00:35:55,109 --> 00:35:53,440
uh

998
00:35:57,030 --> 00:35:55,119
10 26

999
00:36:00,230 --> 00:35:57,040
narroco left falls

1000
00:36:01,750 --> 00:36:00,240
nakalula falls okay that works

1001
00:36:05,190 --> 00:36:01,760
we were gonna i was gonna have you pull

1002
00:36:10,150 --> 00:36:09,190
which is falls creek falls tennessee

1003
00:36:12,630 --> 00:36:10,160
all right

1004
00:36:14,390 --> 00:36:12,640
okay

1005
00:36:16,390 --> 00:36:14,400
and

1006
00:36:20,390 --> 00:36:16,400
what we're looking at here is

1007
00:36:22,230 --> 00:36:20,400
just again there are more uh examples of

1008
00:36:24,310 --> 00:36:22,240
very much like the the feature you've

1009
00:36:26,630 --> 00:36:24,320
got is your backdrop there the feature

1010
00:36:29,349 --> 00:36:26,640
you've got in your ah here we go

1011
00:36:30,390 --> 00:36:29,359
this is false creek falls once again

1012
00:36:33,670 --> 00:36:30,400
what you're going to see is this

1013
00:36:35,750 --> 00:36:33,680
horseshoe shape profile which is utterly

1014
00:36:37,670 --> 00:36:35,760
dwarfs the modern flow that's in there

1015
00:36:38,829 --> 00:36:37,680
and this the other thing to notice is

1016
00:36:40,950 --> 00:36:38,839
also the

1017
00:36:42,630 --> 00:36:40,960
undercutting you notice how it you can

1018
00:36:44,550 --> 00:36:42,640
see how it's almost like a cave under

1019
00:36:46,390 --> 00:36:44,560
the waterfall

1020
00:36:49,270 --> 00:36:46,400
that is created by

1021
00:36:51,190 --> 00:36:49,280
again by massive violent eddy currents

1022
00:36:54,630 --> 00:36:51,200
that are sweeping around

1023
00:36:56,870 --> 00:36:54,640
uh in a circular fashion um undercutting

1024
00:36:58,630 --> 00:36:56,880
undercutting the rock because

1025
00:37:01,750 --> 00:36:58,640
what you have here was it'd be what's

1026
00:37:03,990 --> 00:37:01,760
called a plunge pool and when the

1027
00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:04,000
original water flow that created this

1028
00:37:07,109 --> 00:37:04,800
thing

1029
00:37:09,109 --> 00:37:07,119
was happening the entire screen here

1030
00:37:10,630 --> 00:37:09,119
would have been filled with water the

1031
00:37:12,230 --> 00:37:10,640
height of this

1032
00:37:14,390 --> 00:37:12,240
from where i took this picture i would

1033
00:37:17,510 --> 00:37:14,400
have been completely submerged

1034
00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:17,520
by this flow at its peak and then as it

1035
00:37:22,150 --> 00:37:20,000
as it's flowing what's happening is the

1036
00:37:24,710 --> 00:37:22,160
force of the water the sheer

1037
00:37:27,190 --> 00:37:24,720
forces of this water are going to be

1038
00:37:29,190 --> 00:37:27,200
plucking um and so it's this water if

1039
00:37:31,990 --> 00:37:29,200
you can imagine this as the water is

1040
00:37:34,310 --> 00:37:32,000
flowing over the rim or the lip of this

1041
00:37:35,829 --> 00:37:34,320
horseshoe-shaped cataract here

1042
00:37:37,990 --> 00:37:35,839
what it's doing is it's plucking the

1043
00:37:41,270 --> 00:37:38,000
force of the water is pulling pouring

1044
00:37:42,470 --> 00:37:41,280
plucking off boulders from this and then

1045
00:37:45,109 --> 00:37:42,480
transporting them washing them

1046
00:37:47,430 --> 00:37:45,119
downstream and so what we have is it's

1047
00:37:49,270 --> 00:37:47,440
called a resectional cataract and the

1048
00:37:50,390 --> 00:37:49,280
longer the flood flows

1049
00:37:52,790 --> 00:37:50,400
the the

1050
00:37:54,150 --> 00:37:52,800
the further back that cataract will

1051
00:37:55,750 --> 00:37:54,160
receive

1052
00:37:56,630 --> 00:37:55,760
what is happening is that the modern

1053
00:37:59,109 --> 00:37:56,640
flow

1054
00:38:01,589 --> 00:37:59,119
is creating a new very much smaller

1055
00:38:03,349 --> 00:38:01,599
notch within the ancient cataract and

1056
00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:03,359
that's what you see here and what you're

1057
00:38:08,630 --> 00:38:05,040
seeing here is you know maybe somewhere

1058
00:38:10,870 --> 00:38:08,640
between 12 and 14 000 years of

1059
00:38:14,390 --> 00:38:10,880
more modern scale erosion

1060
00:38:15,910 --> 00:38:14,400
um following the um catastrophic flows

1061
00:38:18,870 --> 00:38:15,920
at the end of the last ice age that

1062
00:38:21,270 --> 00:38:18,880
would have uh cut this now this is in

1063
00:38:24,390 --> 00:38:21,280
this is um this is tennessee the one we

1064
00:38:27,510 --> 00:38:24,400
just looked at was kentucky the next one

1065
00:38:29,910 --> 00:38:27,520
which would be i guess 1026

1066
00:38:32,550 --> 00:38:29,920
will be in alabama

1067
00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:32,560
and that is nakalula falls

1068
00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:34,640
and you're going to see a very similar

1069
00:38:41,030 --> 00:38:36,970
kind of a situation

1070
00:38:45,109 --> 00:38:43,829
yeah okay so there's nakalula falls

1071
00:38:46,550 --> 00:38:45,119
and

1072
00:38:48,230 --> 00:38:46,560
as you look at this

1073
00:38:50,870 --> 00:38:48,240
we're seeing again we're seeing a

1074
00:38:53,190 --> 00:38:50,880
semicircular kind of horseshoe shape we

1075
00:38:55,030 --> 00:38:53,200
see this massive undercutting and

1076
00:38:56,870 --> 00:38:55,040
anybody who's looking at this i want to

1077
00:38:58,870 --> 00:38:56,880
want you to pay special attention to the

1078
00:39:00,390 --> 00:38:58,880
texture of this rock

1079
00:39:02,069 --> 00:39:00,400
that you see exposed here because the

1080
00:39:03,910 --> 00:39:02,079
texture of this rock

1081
00:39:06,630 --> 00:39:03,920
really um

1082
00:39:09,349 --> 00:39:06,640
kind of tells the story about the forces

1083
00:39:11,990 --> 00:39:09,359
um the violent sheer forces that were

1084
00:39:14,470 --> 00:39:12,000
sweeping in a circular fashion

1085
00:39:16,470 --> 00:39:14,480
below this falls in order to to cut this

1086
00:39:18,710 --> 00:39:16,480
erosion like this and you can see the

1087
00:39:20,310 --> 00:39:18,720
human figures in here how um

1088
00:39:21,990 --> 00:39:20,320
how small they are and obviously as

1089
00:39:23,750 --> 00:39:22,000
you're looking at this

1090
00:39:26,390 --> 00:39:23,760
here you see the modern creek the modern

1091
00:39:29,270 --> 00:39:26,400
creek had nothing to do with creating

1092
00:39:31,990 --> 00:39:29,280
this cataract formation that we see here

1093
00:39:34,950 --> 00:39:32,000
it's simply occupying the channel that

1094
00:39:37,829 --> 00:39:34,960
was cut by the much more ancient

1095
00:39:40,630 --> 00:39:37,839
much larger current flow and then i

1096
00:39:42,310 --> 00:39:40,640
believe the next image is looking

1097
00:39:44,230 --> 00:39:42,320
downstream

1098
00:39:47,190 --> 00:39:44,240
from this yes so if we go to the next

1099
00:39:50,069 --> 00:39:47,200
image which would be 1027

1100
00:39:51,349 --> 00:39:50,079
you begin to see the debris that's below

1101
00:39:52,310 --> 00:39:51,359
the falls

1102
00:39:53,910 --> 00:39:52,320
and you

1103
00:39:56,710 --> 00:39:53,920
see the same kind of thing you can see

1104
00:39:58,790 --> 00:39:56,720
the scale of the boulders and the rocks

1105
00:40:01,109 --> 00:39:58,800
that were plucked

1106
00:40:02,950 --> 00:40:01,119
of the original falls

1107
00:40:04,310 --> 00:40:02,960
and so this whole feature here now is

1108
00:40:06,710 --> 00:40:04,320
like a fossil

1109
00:40:08,790 --> 00:40:06,720
it was created by these oversized

1110
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:08,800
gigantic events

1111
00:40:14,230 --> 00:40:11,920
that then terminated and in the 11 or 12

1112
00:40:16,870 --> 00:40:14,240
or 13 000 years that have been sued

1113
00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:16,880
since then there have been no forces or

1114
00:40:22,870 --> 00:40:20,480
no processes capable of really doing too

1115
00:40:24,630 --> 00:40:22,880
much more additional change

1116
00:40:26,710 --> 00:40:24,640
to these features right here you'll see

1117
00:40:28,630 --> 00:40:26,720
that at the present rates of erosion

1118
00:40:30,230 --> 00:40:28,640
that little bitty creek pouring over

1119
00:40:32,069 --> 00:40:30,240
there in this falls

1120
00:40:34,950 --> 00:40:32,079
is going to take hundreds of thousands

1121
00:40:36,790 --> 00:40:34,960
of millions of years of erosion slow

1122
00:40:39,349 --> 00:40:36,800
normal erosion

1123
00:40:42,390 --> 00:40:39,359
to eat away and ultimately you know

1124
00:40:45,030 --> 00:40:42,400
reduce that overhanging rock and uh

1125
00:40:47,589 --> 00:40:45,040
eliminate the cataract altogether

1126
00:40:48,630 --> 00:40:47,599
but it was created in a geological

1127
00:40:49,589 --> 00:40:48,640
instant

1128
00:40:52,150 --> 00:40:49,599
um

1129
00:40:55,030 --> 00:40:52,160
probably over a matter of several weeks

1130
00:40:56,069 --> 00:40:55,040
uh several what what several weeks

1131
00:40:58,309 --> 00:40:56,079
really

1132
00:41:00,309 --> 00:40:58,319
quickly yeah yeah that's my point when

1133
00:41:02,470 --> 00:41:00,319
you see look look at that look at that

1134
00:41:03,990 --> 00:41:02,480
rock there that that guy in the green

1135
00:41:06,150 --> 00:41:04,000
shirt is sitting on

1136
00:41:09,030 --> 00:41:06,160
these these boulders stacked up here are

1137
00:41:11,829 --> 00:41:09,040
the size of houses big houses

1138
00:41:12,630 --> 00:41:11,839
and they were plucked by the current

1139
00:41:15,829 --> 00:41:12,640
flow

1140
00:41:17,190 --> 00:41:15,839
eating it away one grain of sand at a

1141
00:41:20,550 --> 00:41:17,200
time this is a

1142
00:41:23,190 --> 00:41:20,560
an extremely powerful unimaginably

1143
00:41:25,109 --> 00:41:23,200
powerful swift deep current that is

1144
00:41:26,390 --> 00:41:25,119
sweeping over the land

1145
00:41:28,390 --> 00:41:26,400
essentially

1146
00:41:31,109 --> 00:41:28,400
focusing along any zone of weakness that

1147
00:41:33,589 --> 00:41:31,119
it can find or any pre-existing river

1148
00:41:36,550 --> 00:41:33,599
channel but then immensely over

1149
00:41:39,510 --> 00:41:36,560
deepening it immensely reshaping it and

1150
00:41:41,829 --> 00:41:39,520
re-eroding it and and and coring these

1151
00:41:44,150 --> 00:41:41,839
gigantic blocks of rock so when you see

1152
00:41:47,109 --> 00:41:44,160
these gigantic blocks of rock like this

1153
00:41:48,470 --> 00:41:47,119
in association with the cataract that's

1154
00:41:51,190 --> 00:41:48,480
like

1155
00:41:52,550 --> 00:41:51,200
the giveaway right there see you

1156
00:41:53,829 --> 00:41:52,560
and you have to put these things

1157
00:41:55,109 --> 00:41:53,839
together in order to get the whole

1158
00:41:56,230 --> 00:41:55,119
picture

1159
00:41:58,150 --> 00:41:56,240
so what i'm trying to get people to

1160
00:42:00,790 --> 00:41:58,160
understand is that we're literally

1161
00:42:02,950 --> 00:42:00,800
living in the wreckage of a former world

1162
00:42:05,510 --> 00:42:02,960
system that that was

1163
00:42:07,349 --> 00:42:05,520
essentially destroyed uh you know 12 or

1164
00:42:09,670 --> 00:42:07,359
13 000 years ago in the transition out

1165
00:42:12,390 --> 00:42:09,680
of the ice age and this is a factor

1166
00:42:15,109 --> 00:42:12,400
that's overlooked in a lot of models of

1167
00:42:18,390 --> 00:42:15,119
prehistory that there is this massive

1168
00:42:20,390 --> 00:42:18,400
event that terminated the pleistocene

1169
00:42:23,109 --> 00:42:20,400
epoch and led the way into the modern

1170
00:42:24,950 --> 00:42:23,119
holocene which was very very different

1171
00:42:27,670 --> 00:42:24,960
than the pleistocene

1172
00:42:29,670 --> 00:42:27,680
and um we've inherited the world that

1173
00:42:31,750 --> 00:42:29,680
came in the aftermath

1174
00:42:34,230 --> 00:42:31,760
of a global catastrophe

1175
00:42:36,470 --> 00:42:34,240
since we're talking about this this last

1176
00:42:37,589 --> 00:42:36,480
ice age there were some really

1177
00:42:39,750 --> 00:42:37,599
interesting

1178
00:42:42,069 --> 00:42:39,760
large animals

1179
00:42:43,030 --> 00:42:42,079
walking the earth in north america i

1180
00:42:45,510 --> 00:42:43,040
remember

1181
00:42:46,470 --> 00:42:45,520
the snow mass um i think it was like the

1182
00:42:49,109 --> 00:42:46,480
zegel

1183
00:42:51,670 --> 00:42:49,119
reservoir fossil find when they found

1184
00:42:54,390 --> 00:42:51,680
all the mastodons and uh

1185
00:42:57,510 --> 00:42:54,400
mammoths giant sloths camels

1186
00:43:00,309 --> 00:42:57,520
um you know there's a the massive beaver

1187
00:43:02,069 --> 00:43:00,319
and all these really strange

1188
00:43:04,870 --> 00:43:02,079
uh animals

1189
00:43:06,870 --> 00:43:04,880
that all were basically wiped out

1190
00:43:08,550 --> 00:43:06,880
megafauna yeah and many of these

1191
00:43:10,069 --> 00:43:08,560
mastodons have been around for a million

1192
00:43:11,589 --> 00:43:10,079
years and then suddenly boom they

1193
00:43:13,270 --> 00:43:11,599
disappear

1194
00:43:15,589 --> 00:43:13,280
again within a geological eye blink

1195
00:43:17,349 --> 00:43:15,599
that's indistinguishable from these

1196
00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:17,359
transitionary events that we're looking

1197
00:43:21,030 --> 00:43:19,440
at here and what's interesting is that

1198
00:43:22,470 --> 00:43:21,040
when you do begin to look at the fossil

1199
00:43:24,390 --> 00:43:22,480
remains

1200
00:43:27,589 --> 00:43:24,400
and the circumstances under which many

1201
00:43:29,589 --> 00:43:27,599
of these animals are found about 90 of

1202
00:43:32,230 --> 00:43:29,599
the fossil remains that you that are

1203
00:43:34,950 --> 00:43:32,240
being uncovered are in alluvial type

1204
00:43:36,309 --> 00:43:34,960
deposits which means like gravel pits

1205
00:43:38,069 --> 00:43:36,319
peat bogs

1206
00:43:38,870 --> 00:43:38,079
so when you have a massive flood like

1207
00:43:40,470 --> 00:43:38,880
this

1208
00:43:42,550 --> 00:43:40,480
initially what it'll do

1209
00:43:44,870 --> 00:43:42,560
it'll it'll begin to pluck this gigantic

1210
00:43:46,710 --> 00:43:44,880
material but as the force of the water

1211
00:43:49,349 --> 00:43:46,720
causes this material to roll and tumble

1212
00:43:51,670 --> 00:43:49,359
it begins to fracture

1213
00:43:53,910 --> 00:43:51,680
as the water moves over a steeper

1214
00:43:55,829 --> 00:43:53,920
gradient you know it moves faster when

1215
00:43:57,990 --> 00:43:55,839
it moves over a more shallow gradient it

1216
00:43:59,829 --> 00:43:58,000
moves slower the faster the water is

1217
00:44:02,069 --> 00:43:59,839
moving the more power it has to pick up

1218
00:44:04,390 --> 00:44:02,079
material to carry that material

1219
00:44:05,750 --> 00:44:04,400
when the water slows down either because

1220
00:44:07,510 --> 00:44:05,760
the gradient

1221
00:44:10,150 --> 00:44:07,520
is which has been

1222
00:44:12,950 --> 00:44:10,160
steep shallows out

1223
00:44:14,069 --> 00:44:12,960
or you have a wider channel that gets

1224
00:44:15,750 --> 00:44:14,079
narrow

1225
00:44:18,309 --> 00:44:15,760
whenever you have a constriction in the

1226
00:44:20,550 --> 00:44:18,319
channel the water has to accelerate

1227
00:44:21,750 --> 00:44:20,560
to move through that channel because

1228
00:44:24,150 --> 00:44:21,760
it's there's a

1229
00:44:25,990 --> 00:44:24,160
conservation of momentum principle here

1230
00:44:27,670 --> 00:44:26,000
um because no matter what the same

1231
00:44:29,510 --> 00:44:27,680
volume of water is going to be moving

1232
00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:29,520
through the constricted channel as

1233
00:44:33,030 --> 00:44:31,520
through the wide channel if it's a

1234
00:44:35,190 --> 00:44:33,040
uniform flow

1235
00:44:36,790 --> 00:44:35,200
but because of that in order to get the

1236
00:44:38,870 --> 00:44:36,800
same amount of water through it has to

1237
00:44:41,190 --> 00:44:38,880
be moving faster but when it moves

1238
00:44:42,630 --> 00:44:41,200
faster it starts eroding so if you're

1239
00:44:44,950 --> 00:44:42,640
going through a constricted channel

1240
00:44:46,390 --> 00:44:44,960
water speeds up it begins to erode eats

1241
00:44:48,550 --> 00:44:46,400
away the sides in the bottom of the

1242
00:44:50,630 --> 00:44:48,560
channel carries that material down if

1243
00:44:52,950 --> 00:44:50,640
the channel opens out into a basin the

1244
00:44:54,550 --> 00:44:52,960
water slows down or if the water goes

1245
00:44:56,470 --> 00:44:54,560
from a steeper gradient to a shallower

1246
00:44:58,230 --> 00:44:56,480
gradient it slows down what do you think

1247
00:45:00,470 --> 00:44:58,240
happens once the water starts slowing

1248
00:45:02,390 --> 00:45:00,480
down it loses its competency to

1249
00:45:05,109 --> 00:45:02,400
transport material so it begins to

1250
00:45:07,510 --> 00:45:05,119
deposit that material it always deposits

1251
00:45:09,670 --> 00:45:07,520
the biggest material first and then as

1252
00:45:12,550 --> 00:45:09,680
the water continues to slow down the

1253
00:45:15,510 --> 00:45:12,560
size the grain size can go from from

1254
00:45:18,630 --> 00:45:15,520
boulders huge boulders to to cobbles to

1255
00:45:20,309 --> 00:45:18,640
pebbles to gravel to sand to silt

1256
00:45:22,150 --> 00:45:20,319
essential eventually

1257
00:45:24,390 --> 00:45:22,160
and at the termination of a flow where

1258
00:45:27,270 --> 00:45:24,400
the water might be stealing say in a

1259
00:45:29,589 --> 00:45:27,280
back flood basin you will get fine silty

1260
00:45:32,069 --> 00:45:29,599
sediments layered

1261
00:45:34,870 --> 00:45:32,079
but you can follow this whole sequence

1262
00:45:36,950 --> 00:45:34,880
and this will be what is called a paleo

1263
00:45:38,710 --> 00:45:36,960
current indicator it'll tell you you

1264
00:45:40,309 --> 00:45:38,720
could tell which way the water was

1265
00:45:42,470 --> 00:45:40,319
flowing by

1266
00:45:44,230 --> 00:45:42,480
looking at an outcrop and if you notice

1267
00:45:46,309 --> 00:45:44,240
oh look here on the north side are big

1268
00:45:48,230 --> 00:45:46,319
boulders and as you move you know

1269
00:45:49,910 --> 00:45:48,240
successively towards the south the

1270
00:45:51,910 --> 00:45:49,920
material gets smaller and smaller and

1271
00:45:54,550 --> 00:45:51,920
then finally two or three miles to the

1272
00:45:55,510 --> 00:45:54,560
south it grades out into fine sand and

1273
00:45:57,030 --> 00:45:55,520
silt

1274
00:45:59,270 --> 00:45:57,040
you know that that's the direction that

1275
00:46:01,589 --> 00:45:59,280
the water was moving as it was slowing

1276
00:46:03,670 --> 00:46:01,599
down and begin to to to deposit the

1277
00:46:05,109 --> 00:46:03,680
material it's load of sediment that it's

1278
00:46:05,990 --> 00:46:05,119
carrying

1279
00:46:07,270 --> 00:46:06,000
so

1280
00:46:08,950 --> 00:46:07,280
all of these things are the kind of

1281
00:46:11,109 --> 00:46:08,960
things you would look at in the field in

1282
00:46:12,710 --> 00:46:11,119
order to try to reconstruct

1283
00:46:14,790 --> 00:46:12,720
the events another thing that you would

1284
00:46:16,630 --> 00:46:14,800
look at is called imprecation so if if

1285
00:46:17,589 --> 00:46:16,640
rocks are being carried along in the

1286
00:46:21,750 --> 00:46:17,599
stream

1287
00:46:23,510 --> 00:46:21,760
those rocks what it does is it tends to

1288
00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:23,520
stack those rocks almost if you could

1289
00:46:28,470 --> 00:46:26,880
picture that you have a series of books

1290
00:46:30,630 --> 00:46:28,480
on a shelf right and they're standing

1291
00:46:33,190 --> 00:46:30,640
upright and then i push on it from this

1292
00:46:34,950 --> 00:46:33,200
direction and then the books tilt over

1293
00:46:36,950 --> 00:46:34,960
you see

1294
00:46:39,030 --> 00:46:36,960
they become imprecated so they kind of

1295
00:46:40,470 --> 00:46:39,040
become stacked and you can see many

1296
00:46:42,710 --> 00:46:40,480
examples of that

1297
00:46:44,150 --> 00:46:42,720
in the geological realm even on a small

1298
00:46:45,270 --> 00:46:44,160
scale

1299
00:46:47,109 --> 00:46:45,280
well these are the kind of things you

1300
00:46:49,270 --> 00:46:47,119
can look for because these are going to

1301
00:46:50,790 --> 00:46:49,280
tell you where did this flow come from

1302
00:46:52,950 --> 00:46:50,800
where was it going

1303
00:46:54,630 --> 00:46:52,960
in order to try to reconstruct now i

1304
00:46:56,630 --> 00:46:54,640
guess to come full circle what i'm

1305
00:46:59,109 --> 00:46:56,640
saying here is that when you begin to

1306
00:47:01,270 --> 00:46:59,119
look at the remains the fossil remains

1307
00:47:03,109 --> 00:47:01,280
of the extinct animals to get back to

1308
00:47:04,150 --> 00:47:03,119
that and that's what i'm going back to

1309
00:47:05,750 --> 00:47:04,160
is that

1310
00:47:08,950 --> 00:47:05,760
most of the time they're going to be

1311
00:47:11,589 --> 00:47:08,960
found in alluvial deposits meaning

1312
00:47:13,510 --> 00:47:11,599
they're found in deposits that were laid

1313
00:47:16,069 --> 00:47:13,520
down by flowing water

1314
00:47:17,589 --> 00:47:16,079
oftentimes they're in peat bogs where if

1315
00:47:19,270 --> 00:47:17,599
you have a back flood place where you

1316
00:47:23,190 --> 00:47:19,280
might have a basin with no particular

1317
00:47:25,430 --> 00:47:23,200
outlet and you have a a in rush of water

1318
00:47:27,109 --> 00:47:25,440
carrying sediment and whatever might be

1319
00:47:28,630 --> 00:47:27,119
floating in it and then the water

1320
00:47:30,470 --> 00:47:28,640
settles in there

1321
00:47:32,309 --> 00:47:30,480
and it's sediment laden eventually the

1322
00:47:34,550 --> 00:47:32,319
water settles down

1323
00:47:36,790 --> 00:47:34,560
but what you have in the aftermath is a

1324
00:47:38,630 --> 00:47:36,800
bog you know a low spot as kind of a

1325
00:47:41,109 --> 00:47:38,640
swampy peat bog

1326
00:47:42,870 --> 00:47:41,119
lots of these uh extinct megaphone have

1327
00:47:45,030 --> 00:47:42,880
been found in peat bogs

1328
00:47:46,630 --> 00:47:45,040
the the majority of them actually found

1329
00:47:49,829 --> 00:47:46,640
in gravel pins

1330
00:47:52,230 --> 00:47:49,839
when they're excavating for maybe uh uh

1331
00:47:55,109 --> 00:47:52,240
you know borrow pitch for for a railway

1332
00:47:57,270 --> 00:47:55,119
or excavating for a highway or just a

1333
00:48:00,150 --> 00:47:57,280
gravel quarry they're digging in there

1334
00:48:02,790 --> 00:48:00,160
and what do they find they find you know

1335
00:48:06,390 --> 00:48:02,800
the remains of an extinct mammoth or a

1336
00:48:08,550 --> 00:48:06,400
mastodon or they're found extruding from

1337
00:48:10,550 --> 00:48:08,560
the terraces along river valleys like

1338
00:48:13,109 --> 00:48:10,560
the famous big bone lick

1339
00:48:15,349 --> 00:48:13,119
in kentucky on the kentucky ohio border

1340
00:48:17,030 --> 00:48:15,359
is right along was on a tributary to the

1341
00:48:20,390 --> 00:48:17,040
ohio river

1342
00:48:23,270 --> 00:48:20,400
and there they uh in the late 1700s

1343
00:48:26,309 --> 00:48:23,280
um explorers came across this

1344
00:48:29,990 --> 00:48:26,319
valley along this river there and in the

1345
00:48:32,950 --> 00:48:30,000
terraces of this river were huge bones

1346
00:48:35,030 --> 00:48:32,960
sticking up rib cages and

1347
00:48:37,750 --> 00:48:35,040
you know skulls and all kinds of the

1348
00:48:39,510 --> 00:48:37,760
bones left over from a herd of mastodons

1349
00:48:40,710 --> 00:48:39,520
that apparently had been caught in a

1350
00:48:42,790 --> 00:48:40,720
flood

1351
00:48:45,030 --> 00:48:42,800
swept down drowned and then

1352
00:48:47,510 --> 00:48:45,040
as the material deposited it now forms

1353
00:48:50,390 --> 00:48:47,520
the flood plain of the modern river

1354
00:48:52,549 --> 00:48:50,400
but then what happens is the the modern

1355
00:48:55,270 --> 00:48:52,559
floodplain is entombing all of these

1356
00:48:57,829 --> 00:48:55,280
fossilized remains so if you have a

1357
00:49:01,030 --> 00:48:57,839
modern flood let's say like a 50-year

1358
00:49:02,870 --> 00:49:01,040
flood 100 year flood that comes along

1359
00:49:05,430 --> 00:49:02,880
causes some major erosion within the

1360
00:49:07,510 --> 00:49:05,440
modern valley might expose

1361
00:49:09,190 --> 00:49:07,520
things that had otherwise been buried

1362
00:49:11,510 --> 00:49:09,200
right that's kind of what happened with

1363
00:49:12,950 --> 00:49:11,520
the famous uh barosov commandments up in

1364
00:49:14,549 --> 00:49:12,960
1901

1365
00:49:16,630 --> 00:49:14,559
with the ending of the little ice age

1366
00:49:18,710 --> 00:49:16,640
there was a general thawing that began

1367
00:49:21,430 --> 00:49:18,720
up in siberia

1368
00:49:24,390 --> 00:49:21,440
a bank collapsed and exposed the skull

1369
00:49:27,109 --> 00:49:24,400
of this uh six-ton wooly mammoth that

1370
00:49:29,750 --> 00:49:27,119
had been entombed into permafrost and

1371
00:49:32,549 --> 00:49:29,760
this very interesting story but

1372
00:49:34,950 --> 00:49:32,559
the the study of an animal

1373
00:49:37,109 --> 00:49:34,960
when it from the time that it dies

1374
00:49:40,150 --> 00:49:37,119
until the time that it becomes preserved

1375
00:49:43,589 --> 00:49:40,160
as a fossil those processes which can be

1376
00:49:46,549 --> 00:49:43,599
variable are referred to as taphonomy

1377
00:49:48,950 --> 00:49:46,559
and the taphonomic circumstances under

1378
00:49:51,589 --> 00:49:48,960
which these fossils are found are an

1379
00:49:53,510 --> 00:49:51,599
indicator of how they died

1380
00:49:54,390 --> 00:49:53,520
and how they came to be preserved

1381
00:49:57,270 --> 00:49:54,400
because

1382
00:50:00,150 --> 00:49:57,280
under normal gradualistic scenarios

1383
00:50:02,390 --> 00:50:00,160
animals that die out in the landscape

1384
00:50:04,630 --> 00:50:02,400
are not preserved as fossils

1385
00:50:07,430 --> 00:50:04,640
for example here's yeah here's two good

1386
00:50:11,430 --> 00:50:09,670
think about the bison the american bison

1387
00:50:13,109 --> 00:50:11,440
which roamed north america by the

1388
00:50:15,349 --> 00:50:13,119
millions with the arrival of the

1389
00:50:17,109 --> 00:50:15,359
europeans and were decimated down to

1390
00:50:19,349 --> 00:50:17,119
only a few hundred individuals at the

1391
00:50:20,870 --> 00:50:19,359
turn of the century it's like 40 million

1392
00:50:22,870 --> 00:50:20,880
of them at one time

1393
00:50:24,470 --> 00:50:22,880
yeah it was a huge number i i don't know

1394
00:50:27,510 --> 00:50:24,480
the exact number but

1395
00:50:29,430 --> 00:50:27,520
um it was a huge number um

1396
00:50:36,309 --> 00:50:29,440
and

1397
00:50:38,710 --> 00:50:36,319
laying on the prairie right

1398
00:50:41,030 --> 00:50:38,720
how many of those became fossils that we

1399
00:50:43,670 --> 00:50:41,040
now find and dig up from you know the

1400
00:50:46,150 --> 00:50:43,680
bison slaughter of the 19th century none

1401
00:50:48,390 --> 00:50:46,160
because under gradualistic scenarios

1402
00:50:51,510 --> 00:50:48,400
what happens is those remains are

1403
00:50:53,190 --> 00:50:51,520
recycled and consumed by by scavengers

1404
00:50:56,710 --> 00:50:53,200
and and

1405
00:51:00,069 --> 00:50:58,390
literally within a matter of years even

1406
00:51:02,870 --> 00:51:00,079
in fact when when some of those first

1407
00:51:05,349 --> 00:51:02,880
droughts were hitting central uh africa

1408
00:51:07,349 --> 00:51:05,359
in the 80s you had a an enormous

1409
00:51:09,910 --> 00:51:07,359
elephant mortality several million

1410
00:51:13,589 --> 00:51:09,920
elephants perished during those droughts

1411
00:51:15,270 --> 00:51:13,599
and you would have huge uh numbers of

1412
00:51:17,349 --> 00:51:15,280
elephants that died at some of these

1413
00:51:20,309 --> 00:51:17,359
dwindling water holes

1414
00:51:23,589 --> 00:51:20,319
there have been studies done on the the

1415
00:51:26,390 --> 00:51:23,599
postmortem taphonomic circumstances

1416
00:51:28,230 --> 00:51:26,400
of these elephants that died

1417
00:51:30,710 --> 00:51:28,240
and what they discovered was is they

1418
00:51:32,870 --> 00:51:30,720
would go back to document the first year

1419
00:51:35,750 --> 00:51:32,880
there's this there's an entire intact

1420
00:51:37,829 --> 00:51:35,760
elephant skeleton there right five years

1421
00:51:39,430 --> 00:51:37,839
later they can't find anything there's

1422
00:51:41,910 --> 00:51:39,440
just if there's anything at all it's

1423
00:51:44,390 --> 00:51:41,920
just it's traces a decade later there's

1424
00:51:45,910 --> 00:51:44,400
nothing there it has not become part of

1425
00:51:47,750 --> 00:51:45,920
the fossil record

1426
00:51:50,630 --> 00:51:47,760
how does it become part of the fossil

1427
00:51:52,630 --> 00:51:50,640
record is that it has to be removed from

1428
00:51:55,109 --> 00:51:52,640
processes that would cause oxidation it

1429
00:51:57,109 --> 00:51:55,119
has to be removed from from a process

1430
00:52:00,790 --> 00:51:57,119
that was would cause um

1431
00:52:02,549 --> 00:52:00,800
you know consumption by microorganisms

1432
00:52:04,470 --> 00:52:02,559
and in order to do that it has to be

1433
00:52:05,829 --> 00:52:04,480
buried rapidly

1434
00:52:08,470 --> 00:52:05,839
and what's the most effective way of

1435
00:52:10,630 --> 00:52:08,480
bearing things rapidly well

1436
00:52:12,069 --> 00:52:10,640
getting caught on a flood would be one

1437
00:52:14,069 --> 00:52:12,079
um you know getting caught in a

1438
00:52:16,710 --> 00:52:14,079
pyroclastic flow from a volcanic

1439
00:52:19,109 --> 00:52:16,720
eruption that would be another one um

1440
00:52:21,990 --> 00:52:19,119
but whatever the case it it has to be a

1441
00:52:24,230 --> 00:52:22,000
circumstance of rapid burial and clearly

1442
00:52:27,030 --> 00:52:24,240
like the barossa commandment from uh

1443
00:52:28,549 --> 00:52:27,040
siberia was was a rapid burial and and

1444
00:52:32,230 --> 00:52:28,559
that

1445
00:52:33,430 --> 00:52:32,240
conditions under which the fossil was

1446
00:52:38,790 --> 00:52:33,440
found

1447
00:52:42,309 --> 00:52:38,800
of like flowers in the stomach yes

1448
00:52:45,349 --> 00:52:42,319
that's amazing right 20 species of of

1449
00:52:47,910 --> 00:52:45,359
plants edges and and flowering plants

1450
00:52:50,710 --> 00:52:47,920
suggesting it was probably fall time

1451
00:52:53,190 --> 00:52:50,720
when the mammoth perished

1452
00:52:55,589 --> 00:52:53,200
there was still food in its mouth that

1453
00:52:57,910 --> 00:52:55,599
it was chewing right right all of its

1454
00:52:59,510 --> 00:52:57,920
hip bones were broken

1455
00:53:01,190 --> 00:52:59,520
because it was sitting on his haunches

1456
00:53:04,230 --> 00:53:01,200
and really one of the pictures i sent

1457
00:53:07,670 --> 00:53:04,240
you was the recreation of that

1458
00:53:09,349 --> 00:53:07,680
mammoth in the saint petersburg museum

1459
00:53:10,549 --> 00:53:09,359
we could pull that out let's see if i

1460
00:53:12,870 --> 00:53:10,559
can find it i don't remember that i'll

1461
00:53:14,790 --> 00:53:12,880
take a look very first one 4c the

1462
00:53:17,510 --> 00:53:14,800
barosovka

1463
00:53:21,829 --> 00:53:17,520
flash frozen mammoth

1464
00:53:25,670 --> 00:53:23,589
the very first i think we may have

1465
00:53:27,430 --> 00:53:25,680
gotten a couple different folders

1466
00:53:28,630 --> 00:53:27,440
um because i'm not i'm not seeing that

1467
00:53:30,950 --> 00:53:28,640
one either

1468
00:53:32,950 --> 00:53:30,960
really okay yeah

1469
00:53:36,870 --> 00:53:32,960
um

1470
00:53:38,710 --> 00:53:36,880
images for everything

1471
00:53:40,390 --> 00:53:38,720
no i don't have that

1472
00:53:42,950 --> 00:53:40,400
what is the first folder you've got

1473
00:53:45,510 --> 00:53:42,960
martin i mean the first image you've got

1474
00:53:48,230 --> 00:53:45,520
yeah that was the 10 22.

1475
00:53:49,829 --> 00:53:48,240
oh so yeah there was

1476
00:53:52,069 --> 00:53:49,839
yeah there was about two dozen that

1477
00:53:55,109 --> 00:53:52,079
preceded that it wasn't possible that

1478
00:53:57,910 --> 00:53:55,119
it's possible only one folder

1479
00:53:59,109 --> 00:53:57,920
download it but uh anyway

1480
00:54:01,349 --> 00:53:59,119
yeah well there's plenty of other

1481
00:54:03,270 --> 00:54:01,359
interesting stuff with what you've got i

1482
00:54:05,190 --> 00:54:03,280
mean we could go on to um

1483
00:54:08,069 --> 00:54:05,200
figure 10 28.

1484
00:54:09,750 --> 00:54:08,079
yeah well before we do um

1485
00:54:13,750 --> 00:54:09,760
i kind of like this the subject we're on

1486
00:54:14,950 --> 00:54:13,760
a little bit is is interesting the um

1487
00:54:16,390 --> 00:54:14,960
because you never think i mean when you

1488
00:54:18,630 --> 00:54:16,400
hear that there were these strange

1489
00:54:21,670 --> 00:54:18,640
creatures on you know roaming in north

1490
00:54:23,270 --> 00:54:21,680
america um that

1491
00:54:24,390 --> 00:54:23,280
i think was called a camelop or

1492
00:54:26,870 --> 00:54:24,400
something like that it wasn't really a

1493
00:54:28,470 --> 00:54:26,880
camel but it was something like a camel

1494
00:54:29,910 --> 00:54:28,480
there's the dire wolf

1495
00:54:31,910 --> 00:54:29,920
direwolf

1496
00:54:34,390 --> 00:54:31,920
and then there's a short-faced

1497
00:54:36,790 --> 00:54:34,400
bear is that what that was called

1498
00:54:38,549 --> 00:54:36,800
the giant short-faced bear

1499
00:54:40,630 --> 00:54:38,559
yeah he stood six feet tall with his

1500
00:54:43,109 --> 00:54:40,640
shoulder was considered to be probably

1501
00:54:45,589 --> 00:54:43,119
the most uh formidable predator of the

1502
00:54:47,270 --> 00:54:45,599
ice age

1503
00:54:49,190 --> 00:54:47,280
and so do you think

1504
00:54:51,430 --> 00:54:49,200
at the time do you think that it's

1505
00:54:52,630 --> 00:54:51,440
possible in like let's just say north

1506
00:54:53,910 --> 00:54:52,640
america that

1507
00:54:55,430 --> 00:54:53,920
there were

1508
00:54:57,829 --> 00:54:55,440
people encountering these you know i

1509
00:54:59,270 --> 00:54:57,839
mean there's a lot of controversy when

1510
00:55:01,430 --> 00:54:59,280
you know where there was people across

1511
00:55:03,190 --> 00:55:01,440
north america you hear uh you know

1512
00:55:04,790 --> 00:55:03,200
possibly a lot more ancient than

1513
00:55:07,990 --> 00:55:04,800
mainstream science

1514
00:55:09,510 --> 00:55:08,000
science uh suggests that there were

1515
00:55:12,230 --> 00:55:09,520
um do you think that people weren't

1516
00:55:14,150 --> 00:55:12,240
counting the encountering these

1517
00:55:17,109 --> 00:55:14,160
oh absolutely they were we know they

1518
00:55:19,589 --> 00:55:17,119
were because you know um

1519
00:55:21,990 --> 00:55:19,599
we found there's been apogees uh from

1520
00:55:23,270 --> 00:55:22,000
from ancient native americans that

1521
00:55:25,750 --> 00:55:23,280
appear to be

1522
00:55:27,829 --> 00:55:25,760
carvings of mastodons uh we know they

1523
00:55:30,309 --> 00:55:27,839
were hunting oh that's right yeah

1524
00:55:31,670 --> 00:55:30,319
because we found uh clovis spear points

1525
00:55:33,589 --> 00:55:31,680
embedded in

1526
00:55:35,750 --> 00:55:33,599
mammoth rib cages

1527
00:55:38,230 --> 00:55:35,760
um yeah there we were definitely

1528
00:55:40,069 --> 00:55:38,240
coexistence between i mean the clovis

1529
00:55:41,589 --> 00:55:40,079
culture which was the the culture that

1530
00:55:44,069 --> 00:55:41,599
was here in north america right at the

1531
00:55:46,630 --> 00:55:44,079
very end of the last ice age disappeared

1532
00:55:49,349 --> 00:55:46,640
right along with the megaphone

1533
00:55:51,430 --> 00:55:49,359
and uh but there's a lot of evidence now

1534
00:55:54,870 --> 00:55:51,440
to suggest that people were here much

1535
00:55:56,710 --> 00:55:54,880
much longer than that and it probably i

1536
00:55:58,870 --> 00:55:56,720
mean there's there's a there's a

1537
00:56:01,589 --> 00:55:58,880
paleontological site

1538
00:56:04,390 --> 00:56:01,599
i'm sorry an archaeological site in

1539
00:56:06,069 --> 00:56:04,400
south carolina that has uh

1540
00:56:09,190 --> 00:56:06,079
dating that they've dated back it might

1541
00:56:11,349 --> 00:56:09,200
be as old as 50 000 years and i have not

1542
00:56:13,510 --> 00:56:11,359
yet had a chance to really go into the

1543
00:56:15,589 --> 00:56:13,520
details of that so i'm not

1544
00:56:17,349 --> 00:56:15,599
gonna affirm it a hundred percent yet

1545
00:56:18,789 --> 00:56:17,359
but it certainly does seem plausible and

1546
00:56:20,390 --> 00:56:18,799
what i've initially looked at it it

1547
00:56:22,309 --> 00:56:20,400
certainly does seem like

1548
00:56:24,230 --> 00:56:22,319
uh there's a strong case for the fact

1549
00:56:25,910 --> 00:56:24,240
that there were people here tens of

1550
00:56:27,910 --> 00:56:25,920
thousands of years ago which of course

1551
00:56:30,309 --> 00:56:27,920
then means that

1552
00:56:33,990 --> 00:56:30,319
our ancestors were coexisting with the

1553
00:56:38,150 --> 00:56:36,870
um and then probably experienced a major

1554
00:56:40,870 --> 00:56:38,160
population

1555
00:56:43,190 --> 00:56:40,880
bottleneck or disruption

1556
00:56:45,190 --> 00:56:43,200
at the same time that so many of these

1557
00:56:47,510 --> 00:56:45,200
megafauna went extinct there was

1558
00:56:49,190 --> 00:56:47,520
in north america there were 35

1559
00:56:52,230 --> 00:56:49,200
genera or north south america there were

1560
00:56:53,670 --> 00:56:52,240
35 genera that went extinct and

1561
00:56:56,870 --> 00:56:53,680
depending on how you divide up the

1562
00:56:58,390 --> 00:56:56,880
species at least 100 maybe up to 120

1563
00:57:00,549 --> 00:56:58,400
some species

1564
00:57:03,750 --> 00:57:00,559
that went extinct all within a very

1565
00:57:08,230 --> 00:57:05,589
which would have coincided interestingly

1566
00:57:10,069 --> 00:57:08,240
exactly with the major episodes of

1567
00:57:12,470 --> 00:57:10,079
flooding and the major episodes of

1568
00:57:14,230 --> 00:57:12,480
climate change that that

1569
00:57:17,109 --> 00:57:14,240
brought the planet lurching out of the

1570
00:57:18,870 --> 00:57:17,119
depths of the ice age between 11 and 13

1571
00:57:20,630 --> 00:57:18,880
000 years ago

1572
00:57:24,069 --> 00:57:20,640
now i know there's a there's different

1573
00:57:26,630 --> 00:57:24,079
theories on how ice ages start

1574
00:57:28,470 --> 00:57:26,640
one is the wobble i've heard that

1575
00:57:31,030 --> 00:57:28,480
um but there's

1576
00:57:33,190 --> 00:57:31,040
there's no real hard science in how

1577
00:57:35,829 --> 00:57:33,200
ice ages start and we've had a number of

1578
00:57:37,990 --> 00:57:35,839
them i i don't know exactly how many but

1579
00:57:40,950 --> 00:57:38,000
a number of them over the

1580
00:57:44,390 --> 00:57:40,960
you know the life of the planet um

1581
00:57:46,549 --> 00:57:44,400
but you know the interesting part is how

1582
00:57:50,069 --> 00:57:46,559
again you know i come back to

1583
00:57:52,150 --> 00:57:50,079
how this all melted to cause all this um

1584
00:57:54,390 --> 00:57:52,160
these earth changes

1585
00:57:55,030 --> 00:57:54,400
that uh that you point out the potholes

1586
00:57:57,829 --> 00:57:55,040
and

1587
00:57:59,430 --> 00:57:57,839
you know because that water is so

1588
00:58:01,349 --> 00:57:59,440
powerful we saw that

1589
00:58:03,349 --> 00:58:01,359
examples of that and

1590
00:58:05,190 --> 00:58:03,359
just watching the videos of the tsunamis

1591
00:58:07,190 --> 00:58:05,200
you know and what that could do

1592
00:58:09,510 --> 00:58:07,200
and and you know that's just minor

1593
00:58:12,150 --> 00:58:09,520
compared to what you're talking about

1594
00:58:14,150 --> 00:58:12,160
yeah those those tsunamis were

1595
00:58:16,069 --> 00:58:14,160
in some cases they were up to 30 to 50

1596
00:58:18,470 --> 00:58:16,079
feet but in most cases they

1597
00:58:22,309 --> 00:58:18,480
were up 20 to 25 feet

1598
00:58:24,069 --> 00:58:22,319
uh in height when they made landfall

1599
00:58:25,430 --> 00:58:24,079
you know you look yeah anybody who's

1600
00:58:27,829 --> 00:58:25,440
watching this who wants to get a better

1601
00:58:29,910 --> 00:58:27,839
idea just youtube those those tsunamis

1602
00:58:32,230 --> 00:58:29,920
and watch some of those clips and you'll

1603
00:58:34,470 --> 00:58:32,240
get a sense of the power of

1604
00:58:37,430 --> 00:58:34,480
20 or 30 foot deep

1605
00:58:39,109 --> 00:58:37,440
water moving and then

1606
00:58:41,270 --> 00:58:39,119
in case that we're looking at here in

1607
00:58:43,270 --> 00:58:41,280
some of these cases we're talking about

1608
00:58:46,710 --> 00:58:43,280
if you go to uh

1609
00:58:48,630 --> 00:58:46,720
let's see if you go to image 1037 which

1610
00:58:51,109 --> 00:58:48,640
you should have

1611
00:58:52,870 --> 00:58:51,119
okay i'll pull that up go ahead

1612
00:58:54,549 --> 00:58:52,880
1037 yeah

1613
00:58:56,230 --> 00:58:54,559
okay what you see there is a giant

1614
00:58:56,950 --> 00:58:56,240
current ripple field

1615
00:58:59,910 --> 00:58:56,960
yeah

1616
00:59:02,829 --> 00:58:59,920
if you go back one to 10 36 you'll see a

1617
00:59:04,710 --> 00:59:02,839
modern example for comparison

1618
00:59:09,109 --> 00:59:04,720
okay

1619
00:59:13,190 --> 00:59:09,119
took this picture in the aftermath of

1620
00:59:15,349 --> 00:59:13,200
hurricane ivan back in 2003

1621
00:59:17,829 --> 00:59:15,359
and what you see here is that this was

1622
00:59:19,829 --> 00:59:17,839
the flood plain of the modern creek

1623
00:59:22,230 --> 00:59:19,839
which had not been submerged for at

1624
00:59:24,390 --> 00:59:22,240
least 50 years and when hurricane ivan

1625
00:59:28,309 --> 00:59:24,400
came through the water rose up out of

1626
00:59:30,630 --> 00:59:28,319
the creek bed and spread out over the

1627
00:59:32,950 --> 00:59:30,640
the uh flood plain which is now mostly

1628
00:59:34,549 --> 00:59:32,960
ball fields but in this particular area

1629
00:59:36,390 --> 00:59:34,559
you can see the rippled sand that it

1630
00:59:38,870 --> 00:59:36,400
left behind now anybody who's walked on

1631
00:59:40,710 --> 00:59:38,880
the beach or walk along a river or a

1632
00:59:43,030 --> 00:59:40,720
creek and walk on a sandbar is going to

1633
00:59:44,230 --> 00:59:43,040
see something similar to this

1634
00:59:46,950 --> 00:59:44,240
the water

1635
00:59:48,390 --> 00:59:46,960
that that deposited this sand was right

1636
00:59:50,309 --> 00:59:48,400
at two feet deep

1637
00:59:52,390 --> 00:59:50,319
uh easy to tell because we could see the

1638
00:59:54,470 --> 00:59:52,400
high water line on trees and on

1639
00:59:57,829 --> 00:59:54,480
buildings and so forth that were very

1640
00:59:59,990 --> 00:59:57,839
close to this spot right here so we'd be

1641
01:00:01,589 --> 01:00:00,000
able to look at this and i've got a

1642
01:00:02,789 --> 01:00:01,599
measuring tape spread out there's as you

1643
01:00:04,789 --> 01:00:02,799
can see that the

1644
01:00:07,109 --> 01:00:04,799
the wavelength of these ripples is

1645
01:00:09,829 --> 01:00:07,119
varies between two and four inches and

1646
01:00:11,750 --> 01:00:09,839
the amplitude varies between a half inch

1647
01:00:14,470 --> 01:00:11,760
and an inch roughly

1648
01:00:18,230 --> 01:00:14,480
and you get this elegant rippled path

1649
01:00:19,349 --> 01:00:18,240
now martin go to the next slide

1650
01:00:20,630 --> 01:00:19,359
and

1651
01:00:23,030 --> 01:00:20,640
you will see

1652
01:00:24,470 --> 01:00:23,040
an example of

1653
01:00:27,430 --> 01:00:24,480
current ripples

1654
01:00:29,990 --> 01:00:27,440
on an altogether different scale

1655
01:00:32,150 --> 01:00:30,000
and that was 10 37

1656
01:00:34,069 --> 01:00:32,160
that would be

1657
01:00:36,230 --> 01:00:34,079
10 37 yes

1658
01:00:37,030 --> 01:00:36,240
all right i'll get to that

1659
01:00:45,829 --> 01:00:37,040
there

1660
01:00:48,150 --> 01:00:45,839
the same phenomena

1661
01:00:49,670 --> 01:00:48,160
beautiful beautiful example of scale and

1662
01:00:50,950 --> 01:00:49,680
variance that i was talking about

1663
01:00:54,470 --> 01:00:50,960
earlier

1664
01:00:55,510 --> 01:00:54,480
see the the the small scale that we just

1665
01:00:57,030 --> 01:00:55,520
saw

1666
01:00:57,910 --> 01:00:57,040
now we're looking at a current ripple

1667
01:00:59,990 --> 01:00:57,920
field

1668
01:01:01,109 --> 01:01:00,000
that's 10 miles long and the largest

1669
01:01:03,349 --> 01:01:01,119
ripples

1670
01:01:06,789 --> 01:01:03,359
have an amplitude of 30 to 50 feet and a

1671
01:01:08,390 --> 01:01:06,799
wavelength of between two and 500 feet

1672
01:01:11,190 --> 01:01:08,400
and for scale you can see there's

1673
01:01:12,870 --> 01:01:11,200
actually a highway going down there

1674
01:01:15,270 --> 01:01:12,880
there are clumps of trees right down at

1675
01:01:17,670 --> 01:01:15,280
the lower left is a farm with a with a

1676
01:01:19,750 --> 01:01:17,680
farm building

1677
01:01:21,430 --> 01:01:19,760
if you go um

1678
01:01:24,789 --> 01:01:21,440
and we're standing actually in the

1679
01:01:26,390 --> 01:01:24,799
troughs between some of those largest of

1680
01:01:28,150 --> 01:01:26,400
the ripples

1681
01:01:29,750 --> 01:01:28,160
you wouldn't be able to see over

1682
01:01:31,349 --> 01:01:29,760
you could have a two-story even a

1683
01:01:33,030 --> 01:01:31,359
three-story house

1684
01:01:35,670 --> 01:01:33,040
where you could be standing on the roof

1685
01:01:37,910 --> 01:01:35,680
and not be able to see over the top

1686
01:01:40,630 --> 01:01:37,920
of the adjacent ripple that's how big

1687
01:01:42,390 --> 01:01:40,640
this thing is the water the river that

1688
01:01:45,430 --> 01:01:42,400
flowed through here

1689
01:01:47,510 --> 01:01:45,440
that left this now now picture this

1690
01:01:49,589 --> 01:01:47,520
we're just talking about the tsunami

1691
01:01:52,069 --> 01:01:49,599
right we're talking about those japanese

1692
01:01:54,150 --> 01:01:52,079
tsunamis and the indonesian tsunamis

1693
01:01:56,789 --> 01:01:54,160
which typically made landfall

1694
01:01:58,470 --> 01:01:56,799
at a depth of 20 to 30 feet

1695
01:02:00,230 --> 01:01:58,480
okay we were talking about the small

1696
01:02:02,549 --> 01:02:00,240
scale ripples in the previous slide that

1697
01:02:05,109 --> 01:02:02,559
were deposited by a water flow that was

1698
01:02:08,549 --> 01:02:05,119
two feet deep and that water flow was a

1699
01:02:10,549 --> 01:02:08,559
result of a 100 year which was

1700
01:02:13,030 --> 01:02:10,559
considered at the time a hundred year

1701
01:02:14,470 --> 01:02:13,040
flood in that particular creek

1702
01:02:16,230 --> 01:02:14,480
right

1703
01:02:19,750 --> 01:02:16,240
what we're looking at here

1704
01:02:23,670 --> 01:02:19,760
is a river a temporary swiftly turbulent

1705
01:02:25,270 --> 01:02:23,680
flowing river probably flowing 40 to 50

1706
01:02:28,069 --> 01:02:25,280
miles an hour

1707
01:02:29,910 --> 01:02:28,079
it's 10 miles wide and 1

1708
01:02:31,430 --> 01:02:29,920
400 feet deep

1709
01:02:34,309 --> 01:02:31,440
wow

1710
01:02:37,030 --> 01:02:34,319
now the best way to describe that is in

1711
01:02:39,270 --> 01:02:37,040
effect if you were standing on this spot

1712
01:02:42,309 --> 01:02:39,280
this is not a flood that came on like a

1713
01:02:45,750 --> 01:02:42,319
gradual rising of a typical river flood

1714
01:02:47,510 --> 01:02:45,760
this flood came on as a tsunami

1715
01:02:49,190 --> 01:02:47,520
but you have to picture

1716
01:02:51,990 --> 01:02:49,200
what does a tsunami that's over a

1717
01:02:54,230 --> 01:02:52,000
thousand feet deep do to the landscape

1718
01:02:56,470 --> 01:02:54,240
what does it leave in the aftermath what

1719
01:02:58,150 --> 01:02:56,480
is going to happen to a forest

1720
01:03:01,190 --> 01:02:58,160
it's it that's in its path what's going

1721
01:03:03,670 --> 01:03:01,200
to happen to a village or a town what's

1722
01:03:05,349 --> 01:03:03,680
going to happen to a herd of

1723
01:03:06,710 --> 01:03:05,359
woolly mammoths

1724
01:03:08,390 --> 01:03:06,720
you see

1725
01:03:10,950 --> 01:03:08,400
now when people don't understand that

1726
01:03:13,910 --> 01:03:10,960
this scale of events were playing out

1727
01:03:16,470 --> 01:03:13,920
all over the planet at the same time

1728
01:03:18,950 --> 01:03:16,480
it was a very dangerous time

1729
01:03:21,029 --> 01:03:18,960
to be a living organism on planet earth

1730
01:03:26,069 --> 01:03:21,039
when it was making its shift out of the

1731
01:03:29,109 --> 01:03:26,079
ice age and the the the species loss

1732
01:03:31,829 --> 01:03:29,119
of the megaphone is a measuring stick if

1733
01:03:34,150 --> 01:03:31,839
you will a yardstick of how severe the

1734
01:03:36,309 --> 01:03:34,160
habitat loss would have been because the

1735
01:03:39,270 --> 01:03:36,319
species loss is a direct function of

1736
01:03:40,150 --> 01:03:39,280
habitat loss habitat destruction

1737
01:03:41,190 --> 01:03:40,160
um

1738
01:03:42,870 --> 01:03:41,200
and so

1739
01:03:46,390 --> 01:03:42,880
what we see is that there are enormous

1740
01:03:48,230 --> 01:03:46,400
swaths of land utterly destroyed by

1741
01:03:50,150 --> 01:03:48,240
these things i mean look at this picture

1742
01:03:52,150 --> 01:03:50,160
that you're superimposed on those cliffs

1743
01:03:53,589 --> 01:03:52,160
are 400 feet high

1744
01:03:55,829 --> 01:03:53,599
the water that flowed over this

1745
01:03:58,150 --> 01:03:55,839
landscape was 400 feet deep

1746
01:04:00,710 --> 01:03:58,160
approximately so if you can picture the

1747
01:04:01,750 --> 01:04:00,720
water flow was as deep as that cliff is

1748
01:04:04,390 --> 01:04:01,760
high

1749
01:04:09,029 --> 01:04:04,400
now imagine a water flow that comes by

1750
01:04:10,549 --> 01:04:09,039
and rips out 400 feet of bedrock

1751
01:04:12,230 --> 01:04:10,559
how do you have any idea what would have

1752
01:04:13,029 --> 01:04:12,240
been there before that water flow came

1753
01:04:14,789 --> 01:04:13,039
through

1754
01:04:16,309 --> 01:04:14,799
how can you state affirmative well we

1755
01:04:18,230 --> 01:04:16,319
know this and that about what people

1756
01:04:19,349 --> 01:04:18,240
were doing there at that particular

1757
01:04:21,510 --> 01:04:19,359
location

1758
01:04:23,510 --> 01:04:21,520
when you don't take into account an

1759
01:04:25,670 --> 01:04:23,520
event like this

1760
01:04:27,510 --> 01:04:25,680
no you all your speculations are futile

1761
01:04:30,710 --> 01:04:27,520
you you need to see this is where the

1762
01:04:32,789 --> 01:04:30,720
paradigm has to shift we have to realize

1763
01:04:35,190 --> 01:04:32,799
that we are inhabiting a planet that's a

1764
01:04:37,270 --> 01:04:35,200
hell of a lot more dynamic than anybody

1765
01:04:39,190 --> 01:04:37,280
had imagined for most of the last

1766
01:04:41,589 --> 01:04:39,200
century

1767
01:04:45,109 --> 01:04:41,599
and these types of events these

1768
01:04:47,829 --> 01:04:45,119
catastrophic events are part of the norm

1769
01:04:50,150 --> 01:04:47,839
and this is why i get so impatient with

1770
01:04:51,750 --> 01:04:50,160
people that get hysterical over the

1771
01:04:53,990 --> 01:04:51,760
climate change

1772
01:04:55,910 --> 01:04:54,000
question and controversy because i say

1773
01:04:58,230 --> 01:04:55,920
yes we should of course be concerned

1774
01:05:01,510 --> 01:04:58,240
with climate change however

1775
01:05:02,630 --> 01:05:01,520
the entire planet is basically shouting

1776
01:05:04,390 --> 01:05:02,640
to us

1777
01:05:06,230 --> 01:05:04,400
in no uncertain terms that yes the

1778
01:05:09,190 --> 01:05:06,240
climate has changed before it has done

1779
01:05:11,430 --> 01:05:09,200
so on scales that we even can't begin to

1780
01:05:13,270 --> 01:05:11,440
imagine and it has done so without any

1781
01:05:14,870 --> 01:05:13,280
help from us and we still don't

1782
01:05:17,510 --> 01:05:14,880
understand why

1783
01:05:20,230 --> 01:05:17,520
so until we can understand that don't

1784
01:05:22,150 --> 01:05:20,240
tell me that the science has settled

1785
01:05:26,069 --> 01:05:22,160
that the debate is over because it

1786
01:05:28,230 --> 01:05:26,079
hasn't really even begun yet

1787
01:05:29,670 --> 01:05:28,240
well you know getting back to

1788
01:05:32,150 --> 01:05:29,680
the natural

1789
01:05:36,470 --> 01:05:32,160
uh climate changes that have happened is

1790
01:05:39,029 --> 01:05:36,480
is it totally a is it a total mystery

1791
01:05:40,789 --> 01:05:39,039
on how they believe so no i think what

1792
01:05:43,109 --> 01:05:40,799
we have to do now is and again part of

1793
01:05:45,109 --> 01:05:43,119
this paradigm shift is

1794
01:05:46,390 --> 01:05:45,119
you know kind of in a way

1795
01:05:48,630 --> 01:05:46,400
reconnecting with sort of the

1796
01:05:52,789 --> 01:05:48,640
perspectives of our ancestors

1797
01:05:53,990 --> 01:05:52,799
who you know were confirmed sky watchers

1798
01:05:56,470 --> 01:05:54,000
and we i think there's enough

1799
01:05:59,349 --> 01:05:56,480
information at hand now that we know at

1800
01:06:03,029 --> 01:05:59,359
least since the 1980s

1801
01:06:04,470 --> 01:06:03,039
that we are part of a cosmic ecosystem

1802
01:06:06,789 --> 01:06:04,480
and that if we want to talk about

1803
01:06:09,430 --> 01:06:06,799
ecology and understand the processes

1804
01:06:11,589 --> 01:06:09,440
that have played out in the biosphere

1805
01:06:14,230 --> 01:06:11,599
down here below on the surface of this

1806
01:06:16,789 --> 01:06:14,240
planet we have to take the much larger

1807
01:06:19,190 --> 01:06:16,799
framework perspective into account and

1808
01:06:21,829 --> 01:06:19,200
recognize that um

1809
01:06:23,670 --> 01:06:21,839
the cosmos has played an integral role

1810
01:06:25,109 --> 01:06:23,680
in all of the things that have happened

1811
01:06:27,510 --> 01:06:25,119
on this planet

1812
01:06:29,750 --> 01:06:27,520
since four and a half billion years ago

1813
01:06:32,150 --> 01:06:29,760
and have continued to do so and will

1814
01:06:34,230 --> 01:06:32,160
continue to do so into the future the

1815
01:06:36,309 --> 01:06:34,240
primary way that it does this in my

1816
01:06:39,270 --> 01:06:36,319
estimation is through the accretion of

1817
01:06:42,230 --> 01:06:39,280
cosmic matter whether through asteroids

1818
01:06:44,630 --> 01:06:42,240
or disintegrating comets

1819
01:06:47,109 --> 01:06:44,640
but also perhaps through other events

1820
01:06:49,109 --> 01:06:47,119
like solar proton events or

1821
01:06:52,710 --> 01:06:49,119
coronal mass ejections

1822
01:06:54,950 --> 01:06:52,720
nearby uh supernovas we're recognizing

1823
01:06:57,829 --> 01:06:54,960
now that that the universe that we

1824
01:06:59,270 --> 01:06:57,839
inhabit is a much much more active place

1825
01:07:01,910 --> 01:06:59,280
we're beginning to understand that near

1826
01:07:04,390 --> 01:07:01,920
earth space is not an empty void because

1827
01:07:06,789 --> 01:07:04,400
every month now we're seeing the debris

1828
01:07:08,230 --> 01:07:06,799
flying by the earth uh making close

1829
01:07:10,230 --> 01:07:08,240
passages i'll predict probably in the

1830
01:07:12,069 --> 01:07:10,240
next month or two there'll be another

1831
01:07:14,470 --> 01:07:12,079
close passage of some

1832
01:07:17,109 --> 01:07:14,480
uh cosmic body flying by the earth we

1833
01:07:19,910 --> 01:07:17,119
know from 1908 that one of these small

1834
01:07:21,349 --> 01:07:19,920
little specks of cosmic debris did

1835
01:07:24,309 --> 01:07:21,359
encounter the earth it was only about

1836
01:07:26,950 --> 01:07:24,319
150 feet in diameter which was just a

1837
01:07:29,029 --> 01:07:26,960
baby on the cosmic scale but it was able

1838
01:07:31,270 --> 01:07:29,039
to penetrate the atmosphere

1839
01:07:33,990 --> 01:07:31,280
down to uh to a height of about five

1840
01:07:37,190 --> 01:07:34,000
miles altitude where it exploded with

1841
01:07:40,069 --> 01:07:37,200
the force of a 15 megaton hydrogen bomb

1842
01:07:43,270 --> 01:07:40,079
which is an extremely big explosion and

1843
01:07:46,150 --> 01:07:43,280
it completely decimated about 820 some

1844
01:07:47,349 --> 01:07:46,160
square miles of old growth diego forest

1845
01:07:49,990 --> 01:07:47,359
in russia

1846
01:07:54,630 --> 01:07:50,000
yeah in siberia and it it utterly

1847
01:07:57,430 --> 01:07:54,640
incinerated um about 100 to 200 miles of

1848
01:08:00,069 --> 01:07:57,440
forest in a fireball that was as hot or

1849
01:08:01,670 --> 01:08:00,079
hotter than the surface of the sun

1850
01:08:03,829 --> 01:08:01,680
now this was just

1851
01:08:06,870 --> 01:08:03,839
most likely a member of the meteor

1852
01:08:09,190 --> 01:08:06,880
system uh which includes comet inky and

1853
01:08:11,510 --> 01:08:09,200
a whole family of interesting debris and

1854
01:08:14,069 --> 01:08:11,520
if anybody has not yet read the

1855
01:08:17,269 --> 01:08:14,079
interesting new research that has come

1856
01:08:18,229 --> 01:08:17,279
out on gobekli tepe in turkey

1857
01:08:19,990 --> 01:08:18,239
uh

1858
01:08:22,229 --> 01:08:20,000
it's very interesting and it dovetails

1859
01:08:23,110 --> 01:08:22,239
exactly with what i'm talking about here

1860
01:08:25,269 --> 01:08:23,120
um

1861
01:08:26,789 --> 01:08:25,279
because according to the uh

1862
01:08:28,550 --> 01:08:26,799
interpretation of these scottish

1863
01:08:30,470 --> 01:08:28,560
engineers what it's doing is

1864
01:08:31,910 --> 01:08:30,480
memorializing a date of around twelve

1865
01:08:35,110 --> 01:08:31,920
thousand eight to twelve thousand nine

1866
01:08:37,430 --> 01:08:35,120
hundred years ago uh in which uh during

1867
01:08:39,910 --> 01:08:37,440
which the earth encountered a swarm of

1868
01:08:42,950 --> 01:08:39,920
torrid meteor objects and this is

1869
01:08:45,829 --> 01:08:42,960
exactly the scenario i had envisioned at

1870
01:08:47,749 --> 01:08:45,839
least two decades ago for triggering the

1871
01:08:50,229 --> 01:08:47,759
melting of the ice sheet was it there

1872
01:08:51,910 --> 01:08:50,239
was no terrestrial mechanism that could

1873
01:08:53,829 --> 01:08:51,920
melt the ice that fast and the

1874
01:08:54,709 --> 01:08:53,839
milankovitch forces that you mentioned

1875
01:08:57,110 --> 01:08:54,719
earlier

1876
01:08:59,269 --> 01:08:57,120
certainly do have an effect on climate

1877
01:09:02,550 --> 01:08:59,279
over a long period of time but they are

1878
01:09:04,149 --> 01:09:02,560
so slow and so gradual and cumulative

1879
01:09:07,829 --> 01:09:04,159
that they're not going to trigger the

1880
01:09:10,149 --> 01:09:07,839
kinds of melting we saw uh you know 12

1881
01:09:12,229 --> 01:09:10,159
000 13 000 years ago that that caused

1882
01:09:14,149 --> 01:09:12,239
these mega floods

1883
01:09:16,470 --> 01:09:14,159
we have to look for something else much

1884
01:09:18,229 --> 01:09:16,480
much more powerful something that's

1885
01:09:20,390 --> 01:09:18,239
superimposed on top of the more

1886
01:09:22,630 --> 01:09:20,400
gradualistic processes

1887
01:09:25,030 --> 01:09:22,640
such as the milankovitch which for those

1888
01:09:29,110 --> 01:09:25,040
who don't know the milankovitch

1889
01:09:31,669 --> 01:09:29,120
forces are are the three forces uh that

1890
01:09:33,910 --> 01:09:31,679
uh result from the earth

1891
01:09:35,590 --> 01:09:33,920
sun the changing geometry between the

1892
01:09:38,390 --> 01:09:35,600
earth and sun the obliquity of the

1893
01:09:41,189 --> 01:09:38,400
ecliptic the the the um

1894
01:09:43,749 --> 01:09:41,199
the perihelion aphelion distance the um

1895
01:09:46,149 --> 01:09:43,759
eccentricity of the ellipses these three

1896
01:09:48,470 --> 01:09:46,159
you together create these milankovitch

1897
01:09:49,990 --> 01:09:48,480
forces which sometimes cancel each other

1898
01:09:51,669 --> 01:09:50,000
out and sometimes constructively

1899
01:09:53,269 --> 01:09:51,679
reinforce each other

1900
01:09:55,430 --> 01:09:53,279
but again

1901
01:09:57,590 --> 01:09:55,440
these processes are play out over tens

1902
01:09:59,990 --> 01:09:57,600
of thousands of years not a matter of a

1903
01:10:01,189 --> 01:10:00,000
few years or a decade or less we're

1904
01:10:05,110 --> 01:10:01,199
talking about something else all

1905
01:10:07,110 --> 01:10:05,120
together and of course now since 2007

1906
01:10:09,270 --> 01:10:07,120
teams of scientists have been finding

1907
01:10:11,430 --> 01:10:09,280
the fingerprints of a cosmic event

1908
01:10:14,390 --> 01:10:11,440
precisely at the uh what is called the

1909
01:10:16,149 --> 01:10:14,400
bowling allerrod younger driest boundary

1910
01:10:17,830 --> 01:10:16,159
which is now dated about twelve thousand

1911
01:10:19,750 --> 01:10:17,840
eight hundred to twelve thousand nine

1912
01:10:21,510 --> 01:10:19,760
hundred years ago

1913
01:10:23,030 --> 01:10:21,520
and what they've been finding there are

1914
01:10:24,630 --> 01:10:23,040
the are the fingerprints the the

1915
01:10:27,270 --> 01:10:24,640
nanodiamonds magnetic grains

1916
01:10:29,270 --> 01:10:27,280
microspherules there's been a huge

1917
01:10:31,350 --> 01:10:29,280
iridium spike found in the greenland ice

1918
01:10:32,870 --> 01:10:31,360
sheet um

1919
01:10:35,030 --> 01:10:32,880
and this goes along

1920
01:10:37,030 --> 01:10:35,040
totally to me fits and dovetails with

1921
01:10:39,350 --> 01:10:37,040
everything else because

1922
01:10:41,350 --> 01:10:39,360
um otherwise we we've got to explain

1923
01:10:43,350 --> 01:10:41,360
that the massive climate spasms that

1924
01:10:45,590 --> 01:10:43,360
occurred and we're talking about 10 to

1925
01:10:48,470 --> 01:10:45,600
15 degrees uh

1926
01:10:50,550 --> 01:10:48,480
climate shift in in less than a decade i

1927
01:10:52,229 --> 01:10:50,560
mean many times greater than what we've

1928
01:10:54,310 --> 01:10:52,239
experienced in the last century this is

1929
01:10:56,470 --> 01:10:54,320
why again i get frustrated when somebody

1930
01:10:58,709 --> 01:10:56,480
says oh this is the greatest most rapid

1931
01:11:01,030 --> 01:10:58,719
warming that's ever happened well no

1932
01:11:02,790 --> 01:11:01,040
then you don't know about the the the

1933
01:11:05,270 --> 01:11:02,800
the balling out or on younger driest

1934
01:11:07,110 --> 01:11:05,280
warming that occurred or 1300 years

1935
01:11:08,550 --> 01:11:07,120
later the younger driest pre-boreal

1936
01:11:09,910 --> 01:11:08,560
warming that occurred where we're

1937
01:11:12,149 --> 01:11:09,920
talking about

1938
01:11:15,350 --> 01:11:12,159
temperature shifts of up to 10 degrees

1939
01:11:17,830 --> 01:11:15,360
centigrade possibly in less than five

1940
01:11:19,430 --> 01:11:17,840
years possibly in in as short a time as

1941
01:11:21,350 --> 01:11:19,440
one or two years

1942
01:11:23,189 --> 01:11:21,360
and there's really no way to explain

1943
01:11:26,070 --> 01:11:23,199
this in my opinion except we start

1944
01:11:28,470 --> 01:11:26,080
looking at forces outside the earth what

1945
01:11:30,870 --> 01:11:28,480
the digital would be exogenic

1946
01:11:32,870 --> 01:11:30,880
exogenic forces forces from outside the

1947
01:11:34,950 --> 01:11:32,880
earth and realizing that the earth is an

1948
01:11:37,590 --> 01:11:34,960
integral part of this much larger cosmic

1949
01:11:40,070 --> 01:11:37,600
environment and that to me is the next

1950
01:11:41,110 --> 01:11:40,080
really conceptual scientific conceptual

1951
01:11:42,229 --> 01:11:41,120
breakthrough that is going to be

1952
01:11:44,790 --> 01:11:42,239
necessary

1953
01:11:46,870 --> 01:11:44,800
is for us to understand that yeah a lot

1954
01:11:48,310 --> 01:11:46,880
of what has happened in the history of

1955
01:11:50,229 --> 01:11:48,320
this planet

1956
01:11:51,990 --> 01:11:50,239
has been influenced if not governed

1957
01:11:55,110 --> 01:11:52,000
altogether by events that

1958
01:11:57,189 --> 01:11:55,120
originated outside this planet and now

1959
01:11:59,590 --> 01:11:57,199
coming full circle the realization that

1960
01:12:02,310 --> 01:11:59,600
yeah even to some extent

1961
01:12:05,110 --> 01:12:02,320
uh human history has been influenced by

1962
01:12:06,630 --> 01:12:05,120
events from outside and um this is a

1963
01:12:09,189 --> 01:12:06,640
very interesting subject that we could

1964
01:12:10,870 --> 01:12:09,199
get onto possibly for a future uh

1965
01:12:13,590 --> 01:12:10,880
discussion i would like to say though

1966
01:12:15,430 --> 01:12:13,600
that for anybody who

1967
01:12:17,510 --> 01:12:15,440
is interested in this if i'm going to

1968
01:12:20,310 --> 01:12:17,520
hold this up this is the uh the new

1969
01:12:21,750 --> 01:12:20,320
blu-ray version of the uh

1970
01:12:23,750 --> 01:12:21,760
cosmic patterns and cycles of

1971
01:12:26,470 --> 01:12:23,760
catastrophe which if they go to the

1972
01:12:27,350 --> 01:12:26,480
sacred geometry international website

1973
01:12:29,110 --> 01:12:27,360
um

1974
01:12:31,430 --> 01:12:29,120
they can get with cameron wiltshire on

1975
01:12:33,030 --> 01:12:31,440
there and get a copy of this we just got

1976
01:12:34,470 --> 01:12:33,040
done the blu-ray i think there's between

1977
01:12:35,990 --> 01:12:34,480
four and five hours of stuff there

1978
01:12:38,149 --> 01:12:36,000
there's dozens and dozens of

1979
01:12:40,149 --> 01:12:38,159
high-resolution images and a lot of the

1980
01:12:43,270 --> 01:12:40,159
stuff that we've been looking at here

1981
01:12:45,270 --> 01:12:43,280
is in here plus a lot lot more so and

1982
01:12:47,189 --> 01:12:45,280
this hopefully will um

1983
01:12:50,550 --> 01:12:47,199
the sales of this will continue help us

1984
01:12:52,310 --> 01:12:50,560
to uh to help to fund uh continued

1985
01:12:54,149 --> 01:12:52,320
research and work into this field and

1986
01:12:55,350 --> 01:12:54,159
getting this information out and making

1987
01:12:57,990 --> 01:12:55,360
it available so that people can

1988
01:13:00,310 --> 01:12:58,000
understand yes there is this larger

1989
01:13:03,910 --> 01:13:00,320
story it's not just some kind of

1990
01:13:05,830 --> 01:13:03,920
fanciful speculation but is grounded in

1991
01:13:06,630 --> 01:13:05,840
hard science and grounded in some of the

1992
01:13:08,870 --> 01:13:06,640
most

1993
01:13:09,990 --> 01:13:08,880
venerable traditions of our species

1994
01:13:10,950 --> 01:13:10,000
going back

1995
01:13:13,750 --> 01:13:10,960
dec

1996
01:13:16,630 --> 01:13:13,760
centuries and millennium and i worked

1997
01:13:19,430 --> 01:13:16,640
very hard to try to make this plausible

1998
01:13:22,149 --> 01:13:19,440
to show that that the research is there

1999
01:13:25,350 --> 01:13:22,159
the hard research the data is there the

2000
01:13:28,630 --> 01:13:25,360
story is there anybody and i i challenge

2001
01:13:31,590 --> 01:13:28,640
anybody i encourage anybody to try to

2002
01:13:32,390 --> 01:13:31,600
uh verify it for yourself by reading the

2003
01:13:35,910 --> 01:13:32,400
paper

2004
01:13:38,149 --> 01:13:35,920
importantly getting out in the field and

2005
01:13:40,470 --> 01:13:38,159
seeing this kind of stuff firsthand

2006
01:13:43,270 --> 01:13:40,480
there's nothing that will supersede that

2007
01:13:45,350 --> 01:13:43,280
in its power to in its evocative power

2008
01:13:47,510 --> 01:13:45,360
and its ability to convey

2009
01:13:49,430 --> 01:13:47,520
the kinds of events we're talking about

2010
01:13:52,070 --> 01:13:49,440
the scale of these events this is

2011
01:13:54,149 --> 01:13:52,080
spending uh time in the field and so to

2012
01:13:57,189 --> 01:13:54,159
that end i i've

2013
01:14:00,470 --> 01:13:57,199
continued my friend brad and i brad

2014
01:14:03,189 --> 01:14:00,480
young who does the geocosmic rex website

2015
01:14:04,950 --> 01:14:03,199
where a lot of this information is

2016
01:14:07,189 --> 01:14:04,960
being uh presented

2017
01:14:08,790 --> 01:14:07,199
have done i've lost count dozens of

2018
01:14:10,470 --> 01:14:08,800
expeditions

2019
01:14:13,110 --> 01:14:10,480
we're always looking for very interested

2020
01:14:15,990 --> 01:14:13,120
people who might like to come along and

2021
01:14:19,189 --> 01:14:16,000
participate in the investigations in the

2022
01:14:21,189 --> 01:14:19,199
field documenting the the geological the

2023
01:14:23,350 --> 01:14:21,199
archaeological the paleontological

2024
01:14:24,950 --> 01:14:23,360
evidence for these events and how they

2025
01:14:28,229 --> 01:14:24,960
may have affected earth history how they

2026
01:14:29,510 --> 01:14:28,239
may have affected human history so um

2027
01:14:31,430 --> 01:14:29,520
yeah if you go to either one of those

2028
01:14:33,189 --> 01:14:31,440
two websites sacred geometry

2029
01:14:35,910 --> 01:14:33,199
international there you can get your

2030
01:14:37,750 --> 01:14:35,920
copy of of this and it's a good deal

2031
01:14:39,910 --> 01:14:37,760
because a lot of work went into it and

2032
01:14:42,149 --> 01:14:39,920
again it's it's loaded it's rich with

2033
01:14:43,669 --> 01:14:42,159
stuff i know you just you just held that

2034
01:14:45,430 --> 01:14:43,679
up can you say the name of it one more

2035
01:14:48,790 --> 01:14:45,440
time someone in the chat room wants to

2036
01:14:50,310 --> 01:14:48,800
see it cosmic patterns and cycles of

2037
01:14:52,390 --> 01:14:50,320
catastrophe

2038
01:14:55,510 --> 01:14:52,400
okay what are the patterns in cycles of

2039
01:14:58,070 --> 01:14:55,520
catastrophe thank you now i i to i i

2040
01:14:59,990 --> 01:14:58,080
have a friend who is a an astronomic

2041
01:15:02,550 --> 01:15:00,000
astronomer and

2042
01:15:04,790 --> 01:15:02,560
uh he does a talk i went to a talk one

2043
01:15:07,990 --> 01:15:04,800
time where he was displaying this just

2044
01:15:11,030 --> 01:15:08,000
to give the human brain to give an idea

2045
01:15:13,350 --> 01:15:11,040
the human brain can't conceive of how

2046
01:15:16,550 --> 01:15:13,360
old the earth is and can't can only as

2047
01:15:18,950 --> 01:15:16,560
far as numbers go can only and visualize

2048
01:15:20,590 --> 01:15:18,960
like a few thousand as far as numbers

2049
01:15:23,110 --> 01:15:20,600
when it comes to

2050
01:15:25,830 --> 01:15:23,120
4.1 billion years or something like that

2051
01:15:28,070 --> 01:15:25,840
we just can't get it so basically what

2052
01:15:30,709 --> 01:15:28,080
he did i think this is pretty funny but

2053
01:15:33,990 --> 01:15:30,719
he took a roll of toilet paper

2054
01:15:35,830 --> 01:15:34,000
300 feet uh long i think it was and he

2055
01:15:38,070 --> 01:15:35,840
started okay this is the beginning this

2056
01:15:41,110 --> 01:15:38,080
was four billion years ago and he goes

2057
01:15:42,870 --> 01:15:41,120
all the way around to only about an inch

2058
01:15:44,790 --> 01:15:42,880
away from the end of the toilet paper

2059
01:15:46,390 --> 01:15:44,800
roll and he says

2060
01:15:47,910 --> 01:15:46,400
this is when humans

2061
01:15:49,510 --> 01:15:47,920
came to earth

2062
01:15:51,590 --> 01:15:49,520
and this is when the dinosaurs were only

2063
01:15:53,510 --> 01:15:51,600
like four inches out

2064
01:15:54,950 --> 01:15:53,520
you know so it's really hard to conceive

2065
01:15:56,950 --> 01:15:54,960
of how old

2066
01:15:58,229 --> 01:15:56,960
the planet is yeah you know for the

2067
01:16:00,310 --> 01:15:58,239
human brain

2068
01:16:01,669 --> 01:16:00,320
and so much has happened it's it sounds

2069
01:16:04,149 --> 01:16:01,679
like what you're talking about so much

2070
01:16:06,709 --> 01:16:04,159
has happened in such a short relatively

2071
01:16:07,910 --> 01:16:06,719
short time ago

2072
01:16:11,189 --> 01:16:07,920
yes

2073
01:16:12,790 --> 01:16:11,199
certainly in the geological time scale

2074
01:16:17,430 --> 01:16:12,800
it was just

2075
01:16:20,470 --> 01:16:17,440
yeah i mean 12 000 years ago is not long

2076
01:16:23,350 --> 01:16:20,480
at all in earth history and

2077
01:16:25,110 --> 01:16:23,360
but it you know modern humans i mean

2078
01:16:26,790 --> 01:16:25,120
there are skeletal remains now that

2079
01:16:29,750 --> 01:16:26,800
would suggest the presence of modern

2080
01:16:31,110 --> 01:16:29,760
humans going back at least 150 to 180

2081
01:16:32,709 --> 01:16:31,120
000 years

2082
01:16:34,550 --> 01:16:32,719
and we don't know really if that's the

2083
01:16:36,149 --> 01:16:34,560
bottom of it or not i mean who knows how

2084
01:16:37,830 --> 01:16:36,159
much farther back it might go but just

2085
01:16:41,270 --> 01:16:37,840
using those as a number

2086
01:16:43,669 --> 01:16:41,280
i mean i'll take the number 150 000 here

2087
01:16:46,149 --> 01:16:43,679
put it into my calculator i'll divide it

2088
01:16:48,870 --> 01:16:46,159
by 25 the number of a generation and

2089
01:16:50,229 --> 01:16:48,880
you're talking about 6 000 generations

2090
01:16:53,189 --> 01:16:50,239
of people

2091
01:16:55,510 --> 01:16:53,199
going back 150 000 years

2092
01:16:57,510 --> 01:16:55,520
well when we realized that you know most

2093
01:16:59,350 --> 01:16:57,520
of that time was spent during this

2094
01:17:01,189 --> 01:16:59,360
period of oscillating glacial

2095
01:17:03,590 --> 01:17:01,199
interglacial ages and the depths of

2096
01:17:05,830 --> 01:17:03,600
these ice ages most of that you know

2097
01:17:08,709 --> 01:17:05,840
time was spent cohabitating the earth

2098
01:17:10,149 --> 01:17:08,719
with these giant megafauna

2099
01:17:12,870 --> 01:17:10,159
it was a very interesting and different

2100
01:17:14,070 --> 01:17:12,880
time on planet earth and the thing that

2101
01:17:16,630 --> 01:17:14,080
again i

2102
01:17:18,630 --> 01:17:16,640
can't emphasize this enough is that

2103
01:17:20,950 --> 01:17:18,640
what has not been taken into account by

2104
01:17:23,910 --> 01:17:20,960
conventional scholarship

2105
01:17:27,189 --> 01:17:23,920
and again i'll challenge anyone to to to

2106
01:17:29,189 --> 01:17:27,199
to try to refute this but what has not

2107
01:17:31,430 --> 01:17:29,199
been taken into account by conventional

2108
01:17:33,189 --> 01:17:31,440
scholarship is the scale

2109
01:17:34,550 --> 01:17:33,199
at which

2110
01:17:36,550 --> 01:17:34,560
things have changed environmental

2111
01:17:38,790 --> 01:17:36,560
changes have taken place in the time

2112
01:17:39,510 --> 01:17:38,800
that say just us humans have been here

2113
01:17:42,149 --> 01:17:39,520
so

2114
01:17:44,630 --> 01:17:42,159
you know it to me it's premature to say

2115
01:17:46,470 --> 01:17:44,640
to make some definitive statement about

2116
01:17:49,590 --> 01:17:46,480
what people may or may not have been

2117
01:17:52,390 --> 01:17:49,600
doing 20 or 30 000 years ago because

2118
01:17:55,430 --> 01:17:52,400
even without intervening catastrophes

2119
01:17:57,270 --> 01:17:55,440
the trans the the the um

2120
01:17:59,189 --> 01:17:57,280
the passage of ten thousand years of

2121
01:18:01,590 --> 01:17:59,199
time uh

2122
01:18:03,830 --> 01:18:01,600
is is even even with just modern

2123
01:18:05,750 --> 01:18:03,840
gradualistic processes if anybody's ever

2124
01:18:07,750 --> 01:18:05,760
seen those interesting documentaries or

2125
01:18:09,990 --> 01:18:07,760
studies on you know the earth without

2126
01:18:11,910 --> 01:18:10,000
humans the earth without humankind or

2127
01:18:13,990 --> 01:18:11,920
whatever where it shows here's what

2128
01:18:15,990 --> 01:18:14,000
would happen if people just suddenly

2129
01:18:17,510 --> 01:18:16,000
disappeared from the earth tomorrow what

2130
01:18:20,310 --> 01:18:17,520
would happen to our cities what would

2131
01:18:22,550 --> 01:18:20,320
happen to our infrastructure that 10 000

2132
01:18:24,070 --> 01:18:22,560
years from now basically what they came

2133
01:18:26,550 --> 01:18:24,080
up with was the only two things that

2134
01:18:28,870 --> 01:18:26,560
would really still exist to show that we

2135
01:18:31,510 --> 01:18:28,880
humans had even been here were the great

2136
01:18:32,870 --> 01:18:31,520
pyramids and uh

2137
01:18:35,270 --> 01:18:32,880
mount rushmore

2138
01:18:36,470 --> 01:18:35,280
wow imagine that in that intervening ten

2139
01:18:38,790 --> 01:18:36,480
thousand years we've got a couple of

2140
01:18:40,709 --> 01:18:38,800
catastrophes superimposed

2141
01:18:42,790 --> 01:18:40,719
so if somebody's coming along ten

2142
01:18:45,270 --> 01:18:42,800
thousand years from now

2143
01:18:47,430 --> 01:18:45,280
then when we don't find any traces of

2144
01:18:49,430 --> 01:18:47,440
civilization therefore there was no

2145
01:18:51,590 --> 01:18:49,440
civilization it's kind of the same thing

2146
01:18:53,590 --> 01:18:51,600
as when they were saying to brex well j

2147
01:18:55,669 --> 01:18:53,600
harlan brett's well you can't provide

2148
01:18:58,229 --> 01:18:55,679
any explanation for the source of your

2149
01:19:01,030 --> 01:18:58,239
floods therefore there were no floods

2150
01:19:03,669 --> 01:19:01,040
you know you can't here's the problem

2151
01:19:06,390 --> 01:19:03,679
the problem is is that once you begin to

2152
01:19:09,430 --> 01:19:06,400
realize how dynamic this planet is from

2153
01:19:12,630 --> 01:19:09,440
time to time and how effectively the

2154
01:19:15,590 --> 01:19:12,640
planetary surface can be remodeled

2155
01:19:18,709 --> 01:19:15,600
uh and you begin to realize well hey

2156
01:19:20,950 --> 01:19:18,719
you know maybe it's not surprising

2157
01:19:23,590 --> 01:19:20,960
maybe what's surprising is the the stuff

2158
01:19:25,270 --> 01:19:23,600
that we do find you know because

2159
01:19:27,270 --> 01:19:25,280
again looking at this picture you got on

2160
01:19:28,790 --> 01:19:27,280
your backdrop you're talking about a 400

2161
01:19:30,630 --> 01:19:28,800
foot

2162
01:19:33,510 --> 01:19:30,640
river that's swept over this landscape

2163
01:19:35,270 --> 01:19:33,520
60 miles an hour based on the this the

2164
01:19:37,030 --> 01:19:35,280
gradient of the of the

2165
01:19:39,030 --> 01:19:37,040
rock there

2166
01:19:40,950 --> 01:19:39,040
so powerful if you can rip out 400 feet

2167
01:19:42,310 --> 01:19:40,960
of rock and it's going to do this in a

2168
01:19:43,910 --> 01:19:42,320
matter of

2169
01:19:46,390 --> 01:19:43,920
a few days to a few weeks somewhere

2170
01:19:48,470 --> 01:19:46,400
within that span of time

2171
01:19:52,550 --> 01:19:48,480
washes this stuff down obliterates

2172
01:19:54,229 --> 01:19:52,560
literally obliterates the landscape

2173
01:19:56,709 --> 01:19:54,239
what was going on wouldn't matter i mean

2174
01:19:59,510 --> 01:19:56,719
this kind of a water flow flowing over

2175
01:20:02,470 --> 01:19:59,520
any major urban area on earth today

2176
01:20:04,950 --> 01:20:02,480
would essentially erase that urban area

2177
01:20:07,590 --> 01:20:04,960
from existence yeah you know i heard i

2178
01:20:09,750 --> 01:20:07,600
heard that the great pyramids

2179
01:20:12,149 --> 01:20:09,760
will be completely vanished in 25

2180
01:20:14,709 --> 01:20:12,159
million years

2181
01:20:16,630 --> 01:20:14,719
i mean is that possible i don't know

2182
01:20:17,430 --> 01:20:16,640
25 million yeah that's a lot longer than

2183
01:20:19,990 --> 01:20:17,440
10

2184
01:20:22,390 --> 01:20:20,000
yeah yeah i would expect that to be true

2185
01:20:24,229 --> 01:20:22,400
yeah yeah they just wear you know just

2186
01:20:25,030 --> 01:20:24,239
from sand erosion i guess that's how

2187
01:20:28,390 --> 01:20:25,040
they

2188
01:20:31,270 --> 01:20:28,400
mentioned

2189
01:20:33,189 --> 01:20:31,280
the word uh supernova and now i know if

2190
01:20:35,830 --> 01:20:33,199
something like that happened within our

2191
01:20:37,669 --> 01:20:35,840
own galaxy we'd be in trouble

2192
01:20:39,350 --> 01:20:37,679
um well i think the main way we'd be in

2193
01:20:41,350 --> 01:20:39,360
trouble is that the

2194
01:20:43,270 --> 01:20:41,360
the the shock wave if you want to call

2195
01:20:45,590 --> 01:20:43,280
it that when it passes through our solar

2196
01:20:48,229 --> 01:20:45,600
system could dislodge

2197
01:20:50,229 --> 01:20:48,239
cometary bodies from the kuiper disk and

2198
01:20:52,550 --> 01:20:50,239
send them hurtling toward the sun and i

2199
01:20:55,669 --> 01:20:52,560
think that's the main mechanism by which

2200
01:20:58,390 --> 01:20:55,679
galactic forces tend to be most

2201
01:21:01,430 --> 01:20:58,400
typically modulated into a solar system

2202
01:21:03,669 --> 01:21:01,440
level is that you know outside the orbit

2203
01:21:06,149 --> 01:21:03,679
of neptune there's this vast reservoir

2204
01:21:08,229 --> 01:21:06,159
of comets vast disk of comets called the

2205
01:21:09,990 --> 01:21:08,239
kuiper belt or kuiper di right

2206
01:21:13,510 --> 01:21:10,000
now that is the earth cloud which is a

2207
01:21:15,910 --> 01:21:13,520
vast spherical cloud of comets

2208
01:21:17,350 --> 01:21:15,920
but the word cloud the inner zone of the

2209
01:21:19,270 --> 01:21:17,360
earth cloud is just outside the

2210
01:21:20,950 --> 01:21:19,280
planetary realm and so

2211
01:21:22,630 --> 01:21:20,960
studies have shown that

2212
01:21:24,630 --> 01:21:22,640
the alignments of the

2213
01:21:27,189 --> 01:21:24,640
uh big outer planets primarily uranus

2214
01:21:29,590 --> 01:21:27,199
and neptune can sometimes be enough to

2215
01:21:32,630 --> 01:21:29,600
cause uh perturbations within the inner

2216
01:21:34,950 --> 01:21:32,640
zones of the kuiper disk causing uh

2217
01:21:37,430 --> 01:21:34,960
comets within the kuiper disk to become

2218
01:21:39,910 --> 01:21:37,440
dislodged and either move to a higher

2219
01:21:41,750 --> 01:21:39,920
orbital shell or a lower orbital shell

2220
01:21:43,590 --> 01:21:41,760
moving to a lower orbital shell in other

2221
01:21:45,350 --> 01:21:43,600
words if they're because the disc is

2222
01:21:46,470 --> 01:21:45,360
slowly rotating around the sun so you

2223
01:21:49,110 --> 01:21:46,480
have to picture that each one of these

2224
01:21:51,430 --> 01:21:49,120
comet nuclei which is in deep frozen

2225
01:21:53,990 --> 01:21:51,440
state in a state of hibernation is

2226
01:21:56,310 --> 01:21:54,000
circling the sun right slowly now if

2227
01:21:58,870 --> 01:21:56,320
there's a planetary alignment in front

2228
01:22:01,750 --> 01:21:58,880
of it in effect the gravitational pull

2229
01:22:04,390 --> 01:22:01,760
act as a slingshot accelerating its

2230
01:22:07,030 --> 01:22:04,400
orbital velocity if it accelerates it

2231
01:22:10,310 --> 01:22:07,040
moves out if it's behind it and it

2232
01:22:13,189 --> 01:22:10,320
decelerates the orbital velocity what it

2233
01:22:15,669 --> 01:22:13,199
does is it drops in closer to the sun it

2234
01:22:17,110 --> 01:22:15,679
becomes comes inside the orbit of

2235
01:22:18,470 --> 01:22:17,120
neptune

2236
01:22:20,550 --> 01:22:18,480
once it becomes inside the orbit of

2237
01:22:22,310 --> 01:22:20,560
neptune it now becomes subject to the

2238
01:22:25,030 --> 01:22:22,320
gravitational perturbations of the four

2239
01:22:27,189 --> 01:22:25,040
big outer planets that also include

2240
01:22:28,870 --> 01:22:27,199
jupiter and saturn and it just so

2241
01:22:30,950 --> 01:22:28,880
happens that the masses and the

2242
01:22:31,910 --> 01:22:30,960
distances between the four large army

2243
01:22:33,750 --> 01:22:31,920
planets

2244
01:22:36,629 --> 01:22:33,760
are exactly what they need to be the

2245
01:22:38,950 --> 01:22:36,639
spacing needs to be in order to affect a

2246
01:22:41,189 --> 01:22:38,960
if she will a bucket brigade transfer of

2247
01:22:43,350 --> 01:22:41,199
commentary objects towards the inner

2248
01:22:45,430 --> 01:22:43,360
solar system

2249
01:22:46,629 --> 01:22:45,440
um i think i think i get into that in

2250
01:22:49,430 --> 01:22:46,639
this uh

2251
01:22:51,110 --> 01:22:49,440
dvd that i've got here um and maybe show

2252
01:22:53,430 --> 01:22:51,120
even some graphics or something to

2253
01:22:56,629 --> 01:22:53,440
explain that how it works but as it

2254
01:22:58,550 --> 01:22:56,639
turns out coincidentally the the the

2255
01:23:01,110 --> 01:22:58,560
masses and distances of the four outer

2256
01:23:03,830 --> 01:23:01,120
planets are such that it can create this

2257
01:23:05,830 --> 01:23:03,840
transfer of cometary nuclei

2258
01:23:08,149 --> 01:23:05,840
once the big planet the big giant

2259
01:23:11,030 --> 01:23:08,159
jupiter gets a hold of it jupiter is

2260
01:23:13,350 --> 01:23:11,040
usually either going to hurl it back out

2261
01:23:14,950 --> 01:23:13,360
or it's going to cause a deceleration

2262
01:23:16,550 --> 01:23:14,960
where it begins to fall in towards the

2263
01:23:18,870 --> 01:23:16,560
sun and now it gets locked into an

2264
01:23:21,270 --> 01:23:18,880
elliptical orbit between jupiter and the

2265
01:23:23,590 --> 01:23:21,280
sun and begins to undergo a hierarchy of

2266
01:23:25,430 --> 01:23:23,600
disintegrations creates a stream of

2267
01:23:27,669 --> 01:23:25,440
debris in near earth space that earth

2268
01:23:29,350 --> 01:23:27,679
can encounter and encounters with that

2269
01:23:30,709 --> 01:23:29,360
debris can have all kinds of

2270
01:23:32,470 --> 01:23:30,719
consequences

2271
01:23:34,870 --> 01:23:32,480
depending on whether it's micro debris

2272
01:23:36,950 --> 01:23:34,880
or macro debris if it's micro debris it

2273
01:23:39,189 --> 01:23:36,960
can just be dust celestial dust that

2274
01:23:41,030 --> 01:23:39,199
accumulates or accretes to the earth

2275
01:23:43,110 --> 01:23:41,040
this could be part of what causes the

2276
01:23:45,590 --> 01:23:43,120
onset of an ice age because

2277
01:23:47,510 --> 01:23:45,600
if the planet uh accretes a large amount

2278
01:23:50,950 --> 01:23:47,520
of cosmic dust it'll do the same kind of

2279
01:23:52,629 --> 01:23:50,960
thing as a volcanic eruption

2280
01:23:55,110 --> 01:23:52,639
that spews particulate matter into the

2281
01:23:58,709 --> 01:23:55,120
atmosphere it can reflect sun back out

2282
01:24:01,350 --> 01:23:58,719
into space and cause a a pretty extreme

2283
01:24:03,430 --> 01:24:01,360
cooling of the global climate uh the the

2284
01:24:05,430 --> 01:24:03,440
british astronomer fred hoyle has done a

2285
01:24:07,669 --> 01:24:05,440
lot of work on this

2286
01:24:10,550 --> 01:24:07,679
the book that he calls it's called i

2287
01:24:12,550 --> 01:24:10,560
think simply ice by fred hoyle he gets

2288
01:24:14,390 --> 01:24:12,560
into a theory which i think still holds

2289
01:24:17,189 --> 01:24:14,400
up actually it makes sense

2290
01:24:19,910 --> 01:24:17,199
about what happens when commentary dust

2291
01:24:22,629 --> 01:24:19,920
comes into the atmosphere in large uh

2292
01:24:24,470 --> 01:24:22,639
amounts and then of course we might have

2293
01:24:26,550 --> 01:24:24,480
encounters with the with the actual

2294
01:24:28,950 --> 01:24:26,560
debris you know because all meteor

2295
01:24:30,709 --> 01:24:28,960
streams are the remnants of comets that

2296
01:24:33,189 --> 01:24:30,719
have disintegrated in orbit around the

2297
01:24:36,390 --> 01:24:33,199
sun you know the turrets the leonids the

2298
01:24:39,669 --> 01:24:36,400
the heritage the geminids all of these

2299
01:24:42,310 --> 01:24:39,679
meteor streams were once part of a comet

2300
01:24:44,149 --> 01:24:42,320
nucleus that came in around the sun

2301
01:24:45,910 --> 01:24:44,159
being you know like almost like a ball

2302
01:24:47,990 --> 01:24:45,920
game being pitched back and forth

2303
01:24:49,750 --> 01:24:48,000
between jupiter and the sun and in the

2304
01:24:52,870 --> 01:24:49,760
process it disintegrates and

2305
01:24:54,310 --> 01:24:52,880
devolatilizes and spews nearer space

2306
01:24:55,830 --> 01:24:54,320
with the the byproducts of its

2307
01:24:57,750 --> 01:24:55,840
disintegration

2308
01:24:59,350 --> 01:24:57,760
this is probably what happened in 1908

2309
01:25:02,149 --> 01:24:59,360
with tongue as we were talking about

2310
01:25:03,590 --> 01:25:02,159
earlier with that 150 foot piece of

2311
01:25:05,270 --> 01:25:03,600
space debris that plunked into the

2312
01:25:07,350 --> 01:25:05,280
earth's atmosphere

2313
01:25:10,390 --> 01:25:07,360
uh it was probably a remnant of the

2314
01:25:13,430 --> 01:25:10,400
torrent meteor system which is likely

2315
01:25:15,430 --> 01:25:13,440
the result of a very large comet that

2316
01:25:18,390 --> 01:25:15,440
came into the inner solar system between

2317
01:25:21,189 --> 01:25:18,400
20 and 30 000 years ago and began to

2318
01:25:23,110 --> 01:25:21,199
undergo a hierarchy of disintegrations

2319
01:25:25,189 --> 01:25:23,120
and uh i think

2320
01:25:27,030 --> 01:25:25,199
maybe played a critical role in bringing

2321
01:25:29,030 --> 01:25:27,040
on the last phase

2322
01:25:31,510 --> 01:25:29,040
what's called the late wisconsin the

2323
01:25:33,590 --> 01:25:31,520
last phase of the great ice age

2324
01:25:36,550 --> 01:25:33,600
which really happened between about 25

2325
01:25:38,550 --> 01:25:36,560
and 26 000 years ago and then by 18 to

2326
01:25:41,830 --> 01:25:38,560
20 000 years ago the planet that plunged

2327
01:25:44,790 --> 01:25:41,840
into the the depths of full glacial cold

2328
01:25:47,910 --> 01:25:44,800
and it was an extremely cold time

2329
01:25:49,990 --> 01:25:47,920
and then come around 15 000 years ago

2330
01:25:51,990 --> 01:25:50,000
for between 14 and 15 000 years ago the

2331
01:25:54,070 --> 01:25:52,000
milankovitch processes that we were

2332
01:25:55,990 --> 01:25:54,080
talking about earlier were kicking in

2333
01:25:59,030 --> 01:25:56,000
and you had this uh constructive

2334
01:26:00,950 --> 01:25:59,040
amplification of the of this of the

2335
01:26:03,990 --> 01:26:00,960
earth solar geometry that caused the

2336
01:26:06,229 --> 01:26:04,000
warming and that warming caused the ice

2337
01:26:09,510 --> 01:26:06,239
sheets worldwide to begin to recede to

2338
01:26:11,510 --> 01:26:09,520
be they begin to shrink back and um

2339
01:26:12,950 --> 01:26:11,520
but then that warming process suddenly

2340
01:26:14,470 --> 01:26:12,960
around twelve thousand nine hundred

2341
01:26:16,629 --> 01:26:14,480
years ago got

2342
01:26:18,629 --> 01:26:16,639
suddenly interrupted and this was that

2343
01:26:21,350 --> 01:26:18,639
balling aloe rod younger driest event

2344
01:26:22,870 --> 01:26:21,360
and it's at that horizon line now where

2345
01:26:25,189 --> 01:26:22,880
these teams of scientists have been

2346
01:26:26,790 --> 01:26:25,199
finding the fingerprints of a cosmic

2347
01:26:28,470 --> 01:26:26,800
event

2348
01:26:29,910 --> 01:26:28,480
wow and so

2349
01:26:31,510 --> 01:26:29,920
that's an interesting story and i'm

2350
01:26:35,590 --> 01:26:31,520
working on that quite a bit now and i'm

2351
01:26:39,910 --> 01:26:37,750
i think it's going to be on the 16th

2352
01:26:41,750 --> 01:26:39,920
oh really yeah yeah and we're going to

2353
01:26:43,669 --> 01:26:41,760
be discussing this me and graham hancock

2354
01:26:45,510 --> 01:26:43,679
will be on there with michael shermer

2355
01:26:47,830 --> 01:26:45,520
who i think is going to really michael

2356
01:26:50,390 --> 01:26:47,840
sherman he's been i had him on a show

2357
01:26:52,070 --> 01:26:50,400
before that should be very interesting

2358
01:26:53,830 --> 01:26:52,080
because he'll counter about everything

2359
01:26:55,110 --> 01:26:53,840
you're talking about

2360
01:26:57,189 --> 01:26:55,120
don't try

2361
01:26:58,550 --> 01:26:57,199
yeah but i mean the facts are the facts

2362
01:27:01,590 --> 01:26:58,560
i mean you know i'm not making this

2363
01:27:03,669 --> 01:27:01,600
stuff up i'm it's this stuff you know

2364
01:27:06,149 --> 01:27:03,679
it's coming right out of my if it's not

2365
01:27:07,990 --> 01:27:06,159
coming from the the um you know the

2366
01:27:09,030 --> 01:27:08,000
peer-reviewed literature which i've you

2367
01:27:11,110 --> 01:27:09,040
know

2368
01:27:12,629 --> 01:27:11,120
are justly worked through thousands over

2369
01:27:14,470 --> 01:27:12,639
the years of of

2370
01:27:15,830 --> 01:27:14,480
you know scientific papers dealing with

2371
01:27:17,510 --> 01:27:15,840
all of this stuff that we're talking

2372
01:27:19,510 --> 01:27:17,520
about and then i've gone out and

2373
01:27:21,669 --> 01:27:19,520
interviewed key individuals working on

2374
01:27:24,310 --> 01:27:21,679
this stuff and spent

2375
01:27:26,709 --> 01:27:24,320
i mean thousands of hours in the field

2376
01:27:27,430 --> 01:27:26,719
exploring for myself documenting myself

2377
01:27:29,189 --> 01:27:27,440
so

2378
01:27:31,030 --> 01:27:29,199
you know i i don't think michael will

2379
01:27:33,030 --> 01:27:31,040
have done this so you know he's probably

2380
01:27:34,390 --> 01:27:33,040
going to be pretty much trying to defend

2381
01:27:36,709 --> 01:27:34,400
the the the

2382
01:27:38,550 --> 01:27:36,719
status quo ideas

2383
01:27:39,750 --> 01:27:38,560
but listen there's so much evidence out

2384
01:27:41,990 --> 01:27:39,760
there now

2385
01:27:45,910 --> 01:27:42,000
that to contradict the status quo you

2386
01:27:48,070 --> 01:27:45,920
know for example the idea that humans uh

2387
01:27:48,790 --> 01:27:48,080
killed off the megaphone you know that's

2388
01:27:50,390 --> 01:27:48,800
just

2389
01:27:51,430 --> 01:27:50,400
it makes no sense and really what we

2390
01:27:54,229 --> 01:27:51,440
know now

2391
01:27:56,629 --> 01:27:54,239
from the studies of uh you know cultural

2392
01:27:58,470 --> 01:27:56,639
remains like the clovis people

2393
01:28:00,310 --> 01:27:58,480
they disappeared there appears that

2394
01:28:01,830 --> 01:28:00,320
there was a major human bottleneck at

2395
01:28:04,229 --> 01:28:01,840
the same time

2396
01:28:05,750 --> 01:28:04,239
that there was uh this mass extinction

2397
01:28:08,070 --> 01:28:05,760
of megaphone

2398
01:28:10,149 --> 01:28:08,080
and but even even without that i mean

2399
01:28:11,750 --> 01:28:10,159
it's like really you mean you're gonna

2400
01:28:12,790 --> 01:28:11,760
say that

2401
01:28:15,910 --> 01:28:12,800
uh

2402
01:28:18,550 --> 01:28:15,920
paleo indian hunters on foot with spears

2403
01:28:19,910 --> 01:28:18,560
small roving bands were able to utterly

2404
01:28:20,990 --> 01:28:19,920
annihilate

2405
01:28:23,910 --> 01:28:21,000
over

2406
01:28:25,590 --> 01:28:23,920
120 species of megafauna on four

2407
01:28:28,310 --> 01:28:25,600
continents within a matter of a few

2408
01:28:29,910 --> 01:28:28,320
centuries or even a thousand years i

2409
01:28:31,669 --> 01:28:29,920
don't think so it just doesn't make

2410
01:28:33,910 --> 01:28:31,679
sense no when you start thinking about

2411
01:28:36,390 --> 01:28:33,920
it it doesn't make sense the problem is

2412
01:28:38,629 --> 01:28:36,400
now see is that that was proposed back

2413
01:28:39,750 --> 01:28:38,639
in the 1960s and became the dominant

2414
01:28:41,830 --> 01:28:39,760
theory

2415
01:28:44,310 --> 01:28:41,840
within the last decade or two that idea

2416
01:28:45,990 --> 01:28:44,320
had began to decline because for one

2417
01:28:47,750 --> 01:28:46,000
thing there was a lot of studies

2418
01:28:49,990 --> 01:28:47,760
showing that you know that the people

2419
01:28:53,189 --> 01:28:50,000
that did live here simultaneous with the

2420
01:28:56,149 --> 01:28:53,199
megafauna yeah sure some of them were

2421
01:28:57,430 --> 01:28:56,159
hunting megaphone yeah no question uh

2422
01:28:59,270 --> 01:28:57,440
but at the same time they were also

2423
01:29:00,629 --> 01:28:59,280
hunting a lots of small game they were

2424
01:29:03,669 --> 01:29:00,639
fishing they were doing a lot of

2425
01:29:04,790 --> 01:29:03,679
foraging they had very diversified diets

2426
01:29:06,550 --> 01:29:04,800
and i mean

2427
01:29:08,709 --> 01:29:06,560
you have to go okay

2428
01:29:10,229 --> 01:29:08,719
40 million is the s frank frank c hibb

2429
01:29:12,070 --> 01:29:10,239
and the anthropologist from university

2430
01:29:13,750 --> 01:29:12,080
of new mexico back in the 40s and 50s

2431
01:29:16,870 --> 01:29:13,760
estimated that there was somewhere

2432
01:29:18,390 --> 01:29:16,880
between 40 million individual

2433
01:29:20,790 --> 01:29:18,400
um

2434
01:29:22,390 --> 01:29:20,800
megafauna that died at the end of the

2435
01:29:23,910 --> 01:29:22,400
last ice age

2436
01:29:25,590 --> 01:29:23,920
it was like all these species like we

2437
01:29:28,470 --> 01:29:25,600
just been talking about you know four

2438
01:29:31,750 --> 01:29:28,480
species of of mammoths the mastodons the

2439
01:29:33,830 --> 01:29:31,760
camelots the giant beavers the the the

2440
01:29:36,790 --> 01:29:33,840
the cave bears the giant short-faced

2441
01:29:39,590 --> 01:29:36,800
bear the the the um you know the dire

2442
01:29:42,229 --> 01:29:39,600
wolves the giant irish elk that had a an

2443
01:29:43,110 --> 01:29:42,239
amber span up to 16 feet

2444
01:29:45,189 --> 01:29:43,120
um

2445
01:29:46,709 --> 01:29:45,199
incredible incredible animals giant

2446
01:29:49,830 --> 01:29:46,719
armadillos

2447
01:29:52,229 --> 01:29:49,840
uh the myelodon you know um the list

2448
01:29:53,189 --> 01:29:52,239
goes on to giant ground slaws all of

2449
01:29:54,709 --> 01:29:53,199
these

2450
01:29:56,709 --> 01:29:54,719
boom within

2451
01:29:57,510 --> 01:29:56,719
you know a geological instance they're

2452
01:30:00,550 --> 01:29:57,520
gone

2453
01:30:02,790 --> 01:30:00,560
and are you going to tell me that

2454
01:30:05,110 --> 01:30:02,800
roving bands of paleo indian hunters

2455
01:30:07,510 --> 01:30:05,120
that have may have been a few dozen

2456
01:30:09,669 --> 01:30:07,520
individuals up to up to 100 individuals

2457
01:30:12,950 --> 01:30:09,679
or so were able to exterminate these

2458
01:30:14,950 --> 01:30:12,960
animals so fast so simultaneously over

2459
01:30:16,709 --> 01:30:14,960
broad areas of the of the earth's

2460
01:30:19,590 --> 01:30:16,719
surface that they couldn't even

2461
01:30:22,310 --> 01:30:19,600
reproduce but what we now know is from

2462
01:30:24,709 --> 01:30:22,320
the evidence is i'll say what we suspect

2463
01:30:26,870 --> 01:30:24,719
strong from the evidence is that there

2464
01:30:29,750 --> 01:30:26,880
was a human population decline that went

2465
01:30:32,070 --> 01:30:29,760
right along with it and so really rather

2466
01:30:34,229 --> 01:30:32,080
than humans being the perpetrators of

2467
01:30:36,229 --> 01:30:34,239
the mass extinction they were also

2468
01:30:37,990 --> 01:30:36,239
victims of the events that caused the

2469
01:30:40,790 --> 01:30:38,000
mass extinction and i think that's going

2470
01:30:42,629 --> 01:30:40,800
to be the truth that a lot of the um

2471
01:30:44,950 --> 01:30:42,639
defenders of the status quo are sooner

2472
01:30:46,950 --> 01:30:44,960
or later going to have to face

2473
01:30:49,750 --> 01:30:46,960
the problem now is though

2474
01:30:52,229 --> 01:30:49,760
that we are being told that we are now

2475
01:30:54,950 --> 01:30:52,239
humans are now triggering the sixth

2476
01:30:56,950 --> 01:30:54,960
great mass extinction in earth history

2477
01:31:00,070 --> 01:30:56,960
which would compare to the late

2478
01:31:02,950 --> 01:31:00,080
ordovician the the permian triassic the

2479
01:31:06,070 --> 01:31:02,960
cretaceous tertiary the late devonian

2480
01:31:07,510 --> 01:31:06,080
the mid-jurassic or yes

2481
01:31:09,110 --> 01:31:07,520
when you begin to look at these mass

2482
01:31:12,629 --> 01:31:09,120
extinction events

2483
01:31:14,149 --> 01:31:12,639
you go wait a second time out time out

2484
01:31:15,669 --> 01:31:14,159
how can we be in the middle of an event

2485
01:31:18,390 --> 01:31:15,679
that's comparable to one of those if we

2486
01:31:19,590 --> 01:31:18,400
take just the cretaceous tertiary event

2487
01:31:21,750 --> 01:31:19,600
alone

2488
01:31:23,270 --> 01:31:21,760
which um

2489
01:31:25,270 --> 01:31:23,280
it was kind of in the middle of the

2490
01:31:27,590 --> 01:31:25,280
spectrum of of

2491
01:31:29,669 --> 01:31:27,600
of severity right

2492
01:31:32,310 --> 01:31:29,679
well you start aggregating all the

2493
01:31:34,070 --> 01:31:32,320
studies on that and you realize okay

2494
01:31:37,350 --> 01:31:34,080
here we had over a short period of time

2495
01:31:39,110 --> 01:31:37,360
what almost certainly was a period of uh

2496
01:31:41,270 --> 01:31:39,120
multiple bombardment

2497
01:31:43,750 --> 01:31:41,280
uh we know that there was a gigantic

2498
01:31:46,390 --> 01:31:43,760
embargo bombardment in down in what is

2499
01:31:48,310 --> 01:31:46,400
now the yucatan region of mexico

2500
01:31:51,510 --> 01:31:48,320
might have gouged a hole in the ground

2501
01:31:53,110 --> 01:31:51,520
you know 30 miles deep and 150 to 200

2502
01:31:54,470 --> 01:31:53,120
miles wide

2503
01:31:56,550 --> 01:31:54,480
through so much

2504
01:31:59,110 --> 01:31:56,560
debris into the atmosphere that the

2505
01:32:01,350 --> 01:31:59,120
planet went dark for months

2506
01:32:03,110 --> 01:32:01,360
when it struck there were

2507
01:32:05,910 --> 01:32:03,120
seismic waves that encompassed the

2508
01:32:07,430 --> 01:32:05,920
entire planet some geophysicists that

2509
01:32:08,790 --> 01:32:07,440
have looked at the event have said well

2510
01:32:10,790 --> 01:32:08,800
you know it's likely that an event of

2511
01:32:13,910 --> 01:32:10,800
that magnitude would cause every fault

2512
01:32:16,310 --> 01:32:13,920
line on the planet to fail uh there was

2513
01:32:18,870 --> 01:32:16,320
fallback debris that covered a

2514
01:32:21,430 --> 01:32:18,880
hemisphere all this stuff is on fire

2515
01:32:22,870 --> 01:32:21,440
it's coming back now it ignites a global

2516
01:32:25,590 --> 01:32:22,880
fire

2517
01:32:27,830 --> 01:32:25,600
wendy wohlbach has done uh i think a

2518
01:32:30,470 --> 01:32:27,840
dupreeh university has done a lot of

2519
01:32:33,590 --> 01:32:30,480
work on looking at the charcoal and soot

2520
01:32:35,830 --> 01:32:33,600
deposits at the kt boundary and has

2521
01:32:37,590 --> 01:32:35,840
figured out that there was a massive

2522
01:32:38,470 --> 01:32:37,600
biomass burning

2523
01:32:41,430 --> 01:32:38,480
which

2524
01:32:43,189 --> 01:32:41,440
in order to leave the amount of soot and

2525
01:32:45,350 --> 01:32:43,199
uh

2526
01:32:47,430 --> 01:32:45,360
material left over from the fire would

2527
01:32:49,590 --> 01:32:47,440
require the consumption of a biomass

2528
01:32:51,990 --> 01:32:49,600
roughly equivalent to

2529
01:32:53,910 --> 01:32:52,000
that which is on the whole planet today

2530
01:32:55,750 --> 01:32:53,920
i mean so i mean this list of stuff

2531
01:32:58,070 --> 01:32:55,760
could go on and then of course in the

2532
01:33:00,149 --> 01:32:58,080
aftermath of the darkness and the fire

2533
01:33:01,189 --> 01:33:00,159
then comes the cold because you've got

2534
01:33:03,030 --> 01:33:01,199
this

2535
01:33:04,149 --> 01:33:03,040
shroud of particulate matter in the

2536
01:33:06,070 --> 01:33:04,159
atmosphere

2537
01:33:07,110 --> 01:33:06,080
keeping the sun from coming in so you

2538
01:33:09,350 --> 01:33:07,120
would have had

2539
01:33:11,750 --> 01:33:09,360
you know what what um the british

2540
01:33:12,709 --> 01:33:11,760
neocatastrophis referred to as a cosmic

2541
01:33:14,870 --> 01:33:12,719
winter

2542
01:33:18,470 --> 01:33:14,880
than when it would then enshroud the

2543
01:33:20,310 --> 01:33:18,480
planet so i mean you had a period of

2544
01:33:23,189 --> 01:33:20,320
centuries or even millennium where it

2545
01:33:25,350 --> 01:33:23,199
was literally hell on earth and as the

2546
01:33:27,669 --> 01:33:25,360
question becomes how could any really

2547
01:33:28,470 --> 01:33:27,679
how did anything survive right right

2548
01:33:30,390 --> 01:33:28,480
right

2549
01:33:32,790 --> 01:33:30,400
but now when somebody says well what's

2550
01:33:35,910 --> 01:33:32,800
going on now is equivalent to the great

2551
01:33:37,910 --> 01:33:35,920
mass extinctions in earth history i go

2552
01:33:41,030 --> 01:33:37,920
you know excuse me but i don't think

2553
01:33:43,669 --> 01:33:41,040
you've really understood the scenario as

2554
01:33:45,910 --> 01:33:43,679
it's now been described through the hard

2555
01:33:48,790 --> 01:33:45,920
scientific studies going back for for

2556
01:33:50,470 --> 01:33:48,800
decades now no what's i maybe you just

2557
01:33:52,229 --> 01:33:50,480
need to get outside more because the

2558
01:33:54,070 --> 01:33:52,239
last time i checked

2559
01:33:56,870 --> 01:33:54,080
the planet was not enshrouded in

2560
01:33:59,030 --> 01:33:56,880
darkness there was not global firestorms

2561
01:34:01,270 --> 01:33:59,040
the outpouring of the deck and traps

2562
01:34:03,430 --> 01:34:01,280
there was enormous volcanic eruptions

2563
01:34:04,470 --> 01:34:03,440
that occurred at the same time probably

2564
01:34:07,830 --> 01:34:04,480
because

2565
01:34:10,390 --> 01:34:07,840
of the releasing of of these tremendous

2566
01:34:12,790 --> 01:34:10,400
internal forces endogenic forces as a

2567
01:34:15,189 --> 01:34:12,800
result of this impact

2568
01:34:17,350 --> 01:34:15,199
the whole deck and traps of india became

2569
01:34:18,709 --> 01:34:17,360
uh extruded and

2570
01:34:21,030 --> 01:34:18,719
would have filled the atmosphere with

2571
01:34:22,709 --> 01:34:21,040
things like sulfur dioxide and and you

2572
01:34:24,550 --> 01:34:22,719
would have had acid rain i mean there

2573
01:34:27,189 --> 01:34:24,560
were studies that suggest there was acid

2574
01:34:29,510 --> 01:34:27,199
rain in places with a ph similar to

2575
01:34:30,870 --> 01:34:29,520
battery acid for crying out loud wow so

2576
01:34:32,870 --> 01:34:30,880
i mean when you start putting all of

2577
01:34:36,390 --> 01:34:32,880
this together it's like

2578
01:34:38,470 --> 01:34:36,400
yeah i don't think what's happening now

2579
01:34:41,350 --> 01:34:38,480
are humans causing extinction of species

2580
01:34:43,030 --> 01:34:41,360
no doubt are they causing circumstances

2581
01:34:45,910 --> 01:34:43,040
that can be compared to the permian

2582
01:34:48,149 --> 01:34:45,920
triassic which was more severe than the

2583
01:34:50,229 --> 01:34:48,159
cretaceous tertiary or the late or

2584
01:34:53,510 --> 01:34:50,239
division or the great spot because when

2585
01:34:56,070 --> 01:34:53,520
they say the sixth great mass extinction

2586
01:34:59,110 --> 01:34:56,080
the previous five are these these great

2587
01:35:01,510 --> 01:34:59,120
mass extinctions in earth history um

2588
01:35:03,830 --> 01:35:01,520
and i'm saying you know i've studied

2589
01:35:06,390 --> 01:35:03,840
these things i've i've studied in depth

2590
01:35:08,310 --> 01:35:06,400
the cretaceous tertiary extinction event

2591
01:35:12,229 --> 01:35:08,320
in the permian triassic and the late

2592
01:35:14,310 --> 01:35:12,239
devonian the later edition um and i know

2593
01:35:16,550 --> 01:35:14,320
at least i have a concept of what we're

2594
01:35:18,470 --> 01:35:16,560
talking about here and what what played

2595
01:35:20,950 --> 01:35:18,480
out on this planet and no

2596
01:35:23,430 --> 01:35:20,960
no you can't do that you can't just say

2597
01:35:25,910 --> 01:35:23,440
what's going on now because you're mad

2598
01:35:27,910 --> 01:35:25,920
at capitalism or industry or whatever

2599
01:35:29,910 --> 01:35:27,920
the case is that it colors your

2600
01:35:31,990 --> 01:35:29,920
perceptions but you just can't do it

2601
01:35:33,270 --> 01:35:32,000
it's not realistic

2602
01:35:35,270 --> 01:35:33,280
somebody of course is going to hear me

2603
01:35:37,030 --> 01:35:35,280
saying this and go oh you know i i don't

2604
01:35:39,110 --> 01:35:37,040
care about you know protecting the

2605
01:35:40,790 --> 01:35:39,120
environment or whatever and you know you

2606
01:35:42,550 --> 01:35:40,800
that i'm somehow saying that humans

2607
01:35:44,629 --> 01:35:42,560
aren't playing a role in climate change

2608
01:35:46,390 --> 01:35:44,639
i'm certainly not saying that because we

2609
01:35:48,390 --> 01:35:46,400
are playing a role

2610
01:35:50,790 --> 01:35:48,400
but i think these things need to be put

2611
01:35:52,470 --> 01:35:50,800
in perspective and when all these

2612
01:35:54,790 --> 01:35:52,480
discussions of global change and climate

2613
01:35:56,629 --> 01:35:54,800
change and everything have been playing

2614
01:35:59,270 --> 01:35:56,639
out through mainstream media in the last

2615
01:36:01,430 --> 01:35:59,280
few decades i'm sorry but the reality is

2616
01:36:02,870 --> 01:36:01,440
is that these issues have gone from the

2617
01:36:04,070 --> 01:36:02,880
realm of science to the realm of

2618
01:36:07,590 --> 01:36:04,080
politics

2619
01:36:09,510 --> 01:36:07,600
and so what has happened now is because

2620
01:36:10,790 --> 01:36:09,520
one of the things that's being used to

2621
01:36:13,830 --> 01:36:10,800
reinforce

2622
01:36:15,669 --> 01:36:13,840
the believability of humans being the

2623
01:36:18,310 --> 01:36:15,679
trigger for the sixth grade mass

2624
01:36:20,709 --> 01:36:18,320
extinction which is now underway is that

2625
01:36:22,629 --> 01:36:20,719
ah well look there's a precedent we've

2626
01:36:23,990 --> 01:36:22,639
already wiped out

2627
01:36:26,790 --> 01:36:24,000
the great megaphone at the end of the

2628
01:36:30,709 --> 01:36:26,800
last ice age in a blitzkrieg or the

2629
01:36:34,310 --> 01:36:30,719
overkill hypothesis that's been called

2630
01:36:35,910 --> 01:36:34,320
well so if you come along and you say no

2631
01:36:38,070 --> 01:36:35,920
humans didn't do it humans were probably

2632
01:36:40,070 --> 01:36:38,080
victims of the same natural forces that

2633
01:36:41,590 --> 01:36:40,080
took down the megafauna there are

2634
01:36:43,430 --> 01:36:41,600
factions now that don't want to hear

2635
01:36:45,590 --> 01:36:43,440
that because exhibit a

2636
01:36:47,270 --> 01:36:45,600
in in putting forth the scenario that

2637
01:36:49,030 --> 01:36:47,280
humans are now

2638
01:36:50,149 --> 01:36:49,040
the cause of the sixth great mass

2639
01:36:52,629 --> 01:36:50,159
extinction

2640
01:36:55,030 --> 01:36:52,639
is this precedent of the late place the

2641
01:36:56,950 --> 01:36:55,040
scene megaphone extinction so if you

2642
01:36:59,189 --> 01:36:56,960
come along and say well no i think it

2643
01:37:00,870 --> 01:36:59,199
was something from out there that did it

2644
01:37:02,229 --> 01:37:00,880
they don't want to hear it because no no

2645
01:37:04,950 --> 01:37:02,239
we're firmly

2646
01:37:07,350 --> 01:37:04,960
devoted to this idea that humans did it

2647
01:37:08,950 --> 01:37:07,360
humans we don't need any comets or

2648
01:37:10,790 --> 01:37:08,960
things from space so get out of here

2649
01:37:13,510 --> 01:37:10,800
with that and there's been an actually

2650
01:37:16,790 --> 01:37:13,520
kind of a backlash against this idea

2651
01:37:20,550 --> 01:37:16,800
specifically because it undermines

2652
01:37:22,390 --> 01:37:20,560
the the conclusion that humans have have

2653
01:37:24,390 --> 01:37:22,400
been responsible for this great mass

2654
01:37:25,669 --> 01:37:24,400
extinction that occurred 13 000 years

2655
01:37:26,629 --> 01:37:25,679
ago

2656
01:37:28,870 --> 01:37:26,639
wow

2657
01:37:30,310 --> 01:37:28,880
well you know that does it for our show

2658
01:37:31,990 --> 01:37:30,320
this evening

2659
01:37:35,189 --> 01:37:32,000
and i want to thank you so much it's

2660
01:37:37,109 --> 01:37:35,199
been a

2661
01:37:39,189 --> 01:37:37,119
well thank you for having me martin and

2662
01:37:41,350 --> 01:37:39,199
just one more reminder we've got this

2663
01:37:43,350 --> 01:37:41,360
it's fresh off the presses high

2664
01:37:44,950 --> 01:37:43,360
definition blu-ray i think people will

2665
01:37:48,070 --> 01:37:44,960
enjoy it

2666
01:37:49,350 --> 01:37:48,080
excellent so um thank you everyone for

2667
01:37:51,350 --> 01:37:49,360
uh for

2668
01:37:53,990 --> 01:37:51,360
tuning in and thank you for joining in

2669
01:37:55,109 --> 01:37:54,000
the chat room and next week we're going

2670
01:37:58,149 --> 01:37:55,119
to be back

2671
01:38:01,189 --> 01:37:58,159
um with mike labicki and he is an

2672
01:38:03,990 --> 01:38:01,199
extreme explorer and uh american

2673
01:38:05,430 --> 01:38:04,000
explorer explores all around the world

2674
01:38:08,310 --> 01:38:05,440
and he's also going to be talking about

2675
01:38:10,229 --> 01:38:08,320
the diet love pass incident which is

2676
01:38:12,149 --> 01:38:10,239
real interesting uh

2677
01:38:12,910 --> 01:38:12,159
incident that happened back

2678
01:38:16,229 --> 01:38:12,920
in the